2023In August 2023, a cargo ship named Pixis Ocean will sail from China to Brazil, the first long-distance...voyageThe ship went out to the This cargo ship incorporates wind power as part of its power source. Called Wind Wings, the height37.5meters of steel sails.2The system is equipped with two sails and uses the sails to generate wind power during voyages, reducing the amount of fuel used during the voyage by up to30%It is expected to reduce This cargo ship is operatedCargill Inc.According to,1For each of the three Windwings1per day1.5The company says it will save tons of fuel. 

In fact, the Windwings are the only company in the European Union (EUThesupportof the decarbonization technology projects in shipping that are1One is. In the shipping industry,EUNot only is the goal to decarbonize internationally, but also to2023counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)7In May, the U.K.-based event was held at the80The Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC80In the International Maritime Organization (IMO(The),2050The goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ships to virtually zero by around the year 2020.strategyadopted.

This article looks at the current state of greenhouse gas emissions from shipping and how the shipping industry is trying to address them.

Image of the Ocean Bird, a ship equipped with wings similar to those of the Pixis Ocean (Photo:Wallenius Marine / Wikimedia commons [CC BY-SA 4.0])

Current status of greenhouse gas emissions from shipping

Before looking at the current status of greenhouse gases in marine transportation, we will first provide an overview of marine transportation.

maritimeis the transportation of goods and people by sea. Shipping is the world trade80%It accounts for more than 2.5% of the total, and plays a major role in the transportation of raw materials, machine parts, fuel, and food, among other things.

Vessels used for marine transportation include cargo ships, passenger ships, and many others.typeThere are two types of cargo vessels. This section outlines the main types of cargo vessels used in trade. Cargo ships are broadly classified according to the type of cargo they carry. Carry containers for transportcontainer shipand transporting liquids such as petroleum, crude oil, and gasoline.tankerand solid dry cargoes such as iron ore, coal, grain, etc.bulk carrier(also known as bulk carriers), roll-on vehicles carrying cargo/Roll-off ship (ROROship) and others are mainly used. In addition, for passenger use, they are mainly used for leisure purposescruise shipand also used for cargo and vehicle transport.ferryexist. These vessels are primarilyfuel oiland is powered by international shipping.2022As of the yearalmost allships are powered by fossil fuels.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), due to the effects of the new coronavirus.2020In 2006, though, maritime trade was down significantly from the previous year,2021It recovered in 2006.2022World maritime trade volume in 2006 was12 billionThe company said that it exceeded the tonnage. Shipping is2023Since 2006, the annual production volume has increased by approximately2%(at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusiongrowthThe company expects to see a

Port with a large number of containers being unloaded (Photo:Kelly. / pexels)

We will now look at the current status of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases in shipping, using data collected by international organizations. In this issue,IMO(*)1), the International Energy Agency (IEA) (*)2(See Section 2.1.2.),UNCTADThe data published by the

Well,IMO(at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion2020Year.surveyAccording to the Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG), greenhouse gases (*) in the entire shipping industry, including international shipping, domestic shipping, and fisheries, are3) and carbon dioxide emissions both,2012Since the year2018The number has increased over the years.2018In 2006, carbon dioxide emissions from shipping were100emissions, which include greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, are about3%The company accounts for 

Also,IEAAccording to the "Mere Old Man," although the data are limited to international shipping data,2018It can be seen that carbon dioxide emissions have remained at the same level since 2006 as before.2020In 2006, a new type of coronavirusaffectAlthough emissions fell temporarily in2022Already in the year 20002018It has returned to the same level as in 2006.UNCTADand2023counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)9regarding the ocean that we put out in March.ReportThe results also indicate that this trend has not changed and that carbon dioxide emissions remain at a high level.

There are multiple possible reasons why greenhouse gas emissions from shipping are on the rise. First,world tradeand the majority of its transport.maritimeare both on an expanding trend, and as a result, carbon dioxide emissions areIt's growing.This can be attributed to a number of factors. In addition, various other causes, such as increased sailing distances, higher sailing speeds, and congestion at bay ports, also increase fuel use, resulting in greenhouse gas emissions ofincreaseThe number of vessels is increasing. The aging of vessels is also a factor.(not) evenThis is listed as a Aging vessels are generally less energy efficient and more prone to emissions andpointing outThe company has been

A ship emitting a large amount of exhaust gas (Photo:Cyprien Hauser / Flickr [CC CY-ND 2.0 DEED])

In fact, shipping emits less carbon dioxide than other transportation methods such as land transportation.fewThe following is a list of the most common problems with the2018Looking at the percentage of carbon dioxide emissions from the transportation industry as of 2005, land transportation (*)4(passenger and freight) and railroads together account for about75%and the remaining25%of the total, air travel accounted for about12%Shipping is about11%accounted for about 70% of the world's total emissions of carbon dioxide. However, carbon dioxide emissions from shipping still account for approximately3%and is roughly equivalent to the amount of all carbon dioxide emitted by Germany alone.equalThe first is. 

Under these circumstances, the decarbonization of shippingnecessityare increasingly earnest in their appeals.

IMO's proposed broad framework for decarbonization

From here, we have a global arrangement in the maritime field.IMOThe project will follow the path to decarbonization presented by the

First, before we discuss specific measures, let's look at the Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Ships in General, which isMarpole Treaty(in Japanese history)MARPOLThe following is a list of the issues that will be addressed regarding the Prior to this.1954The Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil of the year 2000 (OILPOL TreatyThe purpose is to prevent marine pollution by vessels more comprehensively with the increase in maritime transportation.MARPOLand1973in the yearadoptionThe first time, the company was And,1973Before the Convention, adopted in 1949, came into force, it was a response to a number of tanker accidents.1978Since a protocol was adopted in 1949, this protocol absorbed the original treaty and has existed through multiple amendments to the present. The Convention includes, for each source of pollution6Two annexes are provided,2005Annex VI, which entered into force in 2006, concerns air pollution.2023counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)At,MARPOLThe contracting parties of the161countries, and the parties to Annex VI, which is an Optional Protocol, are105countries. 

As mentioned at the beginning of this article,IMOschool (e.g. of ikebana)2023counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)7Month,2050The strategy is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping to virtually zero by around the year 2000.adoptionThe first time, the company did this, it was in the process of developing a new business model. This is,21The goal was to achieve zero emissions early in the century,IMOand2018I put it out in 2006.Initial StrategyIt is a stronger decarbonization push than the2015Year.Paris Agreement (1985)The global average temperature increase compared to pre-industrial times, as defined in the2The long-term goal of keeping the temperature sufficiently lower than 1.5 degrees Celsius, as well as the1.5The shipping industry has also set more aggressive reduction targets in order to achieve its goal of reducing its emissions to 1.5 degrees Celsius, according to the report.be able to sayThe following is a list of the most common problems with the

The MEPC80, where the IMO Strategy was adopted (Photo:International Maritime Organization / Flickr [CC BY 2.0 DEED])

2023Yearly Edition.IMOstrategyIn particular, the carbon strength (*)5) reductions are included in the goals. To achieve these goals,IMOThe "Mere Old Man" believes that technological innovation and alternative fuels need to be promoted worldwide, and in addition to aiming to improve the energy efficiency of newly built vessels, he also set targets for the use of fuels and technologies that do not emit carbon dioxide when in use and a phased-in target for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Specifically,2030before the year ...2008Reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to 2005 levels20~ (after a number N)30%Reduction,2040The same will be true by the year 2020.2008Reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to 2005 levels70~ (after a number N)80%reduction, etc.

In addition to the policy set forth in this issue,IMOhas been proposing and implementing various initiatives for some time, and each strategy is divided into short-term, medium-term, and long-term initiatives. From here, we will focus on the short-term initiatives,IMOThis section will provide an overview of the initiatives that have been or will be undertaken by the

2018Some of the multiple short-term initiatives developed to achieve the goals presented in the initial strategy for the year,2023counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)1from month to monthstartThe company has been Reducing the fuel will reduce the carbon intensity of theObjective.and regulates the fuel efficiency of existing vessels.EEXIregulation(*)6and have them report the carbon intensity of the ship's fuel and evaluate it.CIIsystem(*)7), requiring efficient vessel operation plans to be prepared.SEEMP(*)8The new regulations were further tightened in the first half of the fiscal year. In addition, with regard to new shipbuilding, we have already2013Started in 2006.EEDI Regulations(*)9) are present. All of these policies, discussed earlier, areMARPOL(at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusionAnnex VIIt is incorporated into and legally binding on the

However, some have pointed out that the regulations implemented in this short-term effort are insufficient to curb greenhouse gas emissions. For example, the currentEEXIBy regulatory standards,EEXICompared to no regulation,2030The amount of carbon dioxide emitted from ships by the year 2020 is expected to be approximately1%He said that it will only reduce the number of vessels. Also, the switch to new vessels was driven by fuel prices and freight rates,EEDIThat the regulations did not promote the adoption of new technologies or improved vessel efficiency.pointing outThe only problem is that the company is not a member of the market. Just,EEXIRegulations andCII SystemAt the latest, for initiatives such as2026By the year 2000, its effectiveness will be reexamined.scheduleThe first is.

Kawasaki Heavy Industries' shipyard in Kobe, Japan (Photo:663highland / Wikimedia commons [CC BY-SA 3.0])

We will also outline the medium- and long-term policies that will be implemented in concrete efforts in the future. Medium-termpolicyThe two main goals of the project are: in the technical area, the development of new standards for phasing out the greenhouse gas intensity of ship fuels; and in the economic area, the introduction of a polluter-pays pricing mechanism for greenhouse gas emissions from marine transportation.2Points were cited as major ones. Also, as a long-term goal, the currently usedfossil fuelNew power sources and technologies such as ammonia, biofuels, electricity, hydrogen, and wind power to replacedevelopmentare listed below. The details of these plans have not yet been finalized, and the medium-term plan is2025The content will be decided by the year 2020, and the long-term plan will be discussed.2028They said they would organize an overview by the year 2000.scheduleThe company is in the process of becoming a 

Technical Initiatives

We will now describe the various technological initiatives being undertaken to decarbonize the shipping industry. Some of the technological initiatives are based on existing technologies, while others require the development of new technologies. We will look at specific examples of each.

First, we will address congestion at Gulf ports as a problem that can be addressed with current technology. This problem is caused by cargo ships arriving in excess of the port's throughput. This congestion at the Gulf port has caused supply chainDelayed and disruptedand transportation costs.increaseand longer anchorages require more fuel.useemissions to beincreaseis occurring.

There are many reasons why the mouth of the bay is crowded.2019The pandemic caused by the new coronavirus that began in 2006 led to consumer spending through online orders.increaseThe volume of trade has increased as a result of thelack of infrastructure, ,labor shortage (labour), ,strike (i.e. industrial action)Multiple factors are involved, including

To solve these problems, further digitization to implement smooth cargo handling and efficient bay port stay schedules for vesselsimplementationand ports in low-income countries where ships tend to stay longer due to the length of time it takes to pass through ports, lack of infrastructure, and low labor productivity.Improvement in efficiencyand other proposals. 

In addition, the vessel's slow steaming and route planningreviewGreenhouse gas emissions are also expected to be reduced by such measures as the following. As for slow steaming, given that fuel consumption increases as the speed of navigation increases and that greenhouse gas emissions from ships increase as fuel consumption increases, slow steaming can considerably reduce greenhouse gas emissionsbe knownFor example, a vessel may be able to travel at a higher speed than before. For example, the speed of a vessel can be higher than conventional10%Lowering the carbon dioxide emissions from ships27%It is estimated that it can be reduced.

Ships and trucks receiving containers at the port (Photo:JAXPORT / Flickr [CC BY-NC 2.0 ])

Next, we will focus on the development of technologies for decarbonization in the shipping industry.

First,IMOAs mentioned in the strategy chapter, new renewable fuels to replace fossil fuelsdevelopmentare of growing importance. New fuels are, for example, synthetic fuels (e-fuel), which is green hydrogen (*).10and green ammonia (*)11), methanol, and biofuels. The movement to use fuels with low greenhouse gas emissions is also in the shipping industry.activationThe company is doing so.

However, there are several concerns. The first one that comes to mind is the high cost of introducing such a fuel.be covered (e.g. with dust, a table-cloth, etc.)This is the reason for the low carbon footprint of the fuel. Other factors include the energy required to produce these fuels with low carbon emissions, which in turn requires large quantities of fossil fuels to be produced.be usedIn some cases, this is the case. It would be a real waste if large amounts of energy were used in the process of producing energy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, the human resources that can handle these alternative fuels and the ports that can replenish them are not available in the first place.shortageThe problem is that the company has been working to reduce the number of fuel consumption. Is it because of these various obstacles to the introduction of alternative fuels?IEA(at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusionpredictionThen,2030Even as of 2006, alternative fuels accounted for a large percentage of energy consumption in international shipping.13%It has remained about the same.

as well as alternative fuels, for use with such fuels or in combination with existing power sources.shipThe existing vessels can either be retrofitted or newly built. There are two methods: retrofitting existing vessels and building new vessels.repairThe following is a brief summary of the results of the study.

As for new shipbuilding, vessels are being developed around the world to utilize a variety of fuels. For example, a Japanese shipbuilding company has developed a hydrogen and biofuel poweredtourist shipThe,2023counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)9A launching ceremony was held in June. By using alternative fuels, the company is able to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to a lower level than before.53~ (after a number N)100%The company says it will be able to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emissions. However, the overall carbon dioxide emissions will be higher than assumed, considering that fossil fuels will be needed in the manufacturing and transportation processes of these fuels. As for ammonia, although not yet in actual operation, Greece plans to use ammonia in the future.shiphas already been2022They were completed in 2006. However, many of these new ships, including the wind-powered ships mentioned at the beginning of this article, are still in the testing phase. Besides, only a small fraction of the world's vessels areaccount forIt is only a

The ship is called Stena Germanica, which is fueled by methanol (photo:Wolfgang Fricke / Wikimedia Commons [CC BY 3.0 DEED])

Another technology that is expected to be utilized in the shipping industry is carbon dioxide capture on board ships. The carbon dioxiderecoveryis a technology that separates carbon dioxide emitted from factories and other sources from the atmosphere, collects it, and stores it underground for further use in other industries. It is already in use at power plants and factories.technologyand has the advantage that the technology used on land can be transferred to ships. For example, the DutchJRTransportation,2023By the end of the year10Carbon dioxide capture equipment on vessels.Scheduled to be installedThe company plans to use the recovered carbon dioxide for other industries, such as agriculture. The carbon dioxide collected will be stored in a container and then used for other industries such as agriculture.

Individual policies and laws

What other measures are being taken? Let's take a look at what kind of policies are being implemented around the world to deal with carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases generated by shipping.

The first thing to do is to take a strong decarbonization policy on this greenhouse gas issue in the shipping sector.EUThe first is.EUschool (e.g. of ikebana)2005From year,EUEmissions trading system in the region (EU ETS) (*)12The program is being implemented in the United States. Eligible companies are allowed to emit carbon dioxide within a set quota and, if necessary, trade emission allowances. And, if necessary, they can trade allowances,2024This system has been phased in for the shipping sector since 2006.introductionThe shipping companies will be Shipping companies are,2024emissions from the year 2000.40%Minutes,2025From the year 200070%minutes, and2026From the year 2000, it will be necessary to purchase emission allowances to cover all of the emissions. This system is,EUNot only vessels traveling between ports in the region, but also vessels that either originate or terminate atEUof emissions from international shipping vessels that are within the region.50%The program also targets Discharges from vessels moving across borders were easily overlooked, but now such vessels can also be policed.

Further,EUHa,2023counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)7In May, new maritime regulations (FuelEU(a).adoptionThe first time, the company was ThisFuelEUHa,EUis a policy package being implemented to promote the decarbonization of Europe by theFit for 55(*)13), which is part of a push to decarbonize the maritime sector.FuelEUis to reduce the greenhouse gas intensity of ship fuels.Objective.The company has assumed that the To achieve this objective, the gross tonnage, excluding warships and other vessels5,000Developing a cap on the greenhouse gas intensity of fuel used by vessels of more than 1,000 tons and requiring those vessels to be connected to shoreside power when they stay in port, andcall (i.e. to give a name)The following is a list of the most common problems with the

The center of world trade.1In Singapore, one of the world's largest shipping markets, the global trend to decarbonize the shipping industry is also underway.towIt is now doing so. Singapore is particularly interested in supporting the development of low-carbon hydrogen (hydrogen with low carbon dioxide emissions from its production and use) as a potential alternative to fossil fuels in shipping, the establishment of supply routes for such hydrogen, and researchWe're working on it.The ship is not a vessel. Besides that, the vessel'selectrificationThe company is promoting the The use of batteries charged by renewable energy sources to navigate vessels will reduce carbon dioxide emissions, according to theexpectationThe only problem is that while it is possible to electrify small vessels, it is technically difficult to develop batteries that can support large vessels. However, while it is possible to electrify small vessels, it is technically difficult to build enough batteries to support large vessels.pointing outThere are also

Hydrogen fuel cell development project for shipping at the Port of Honolulu (Photo:Sandia Labs / Flickr [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 DEED])

Another multilateral initiative is the Green Shipping Corridor policy.Green Shipping Corridoris a route between major ports where the public and private sectors work together to promote the operation of zero-emission vessels that do not emit greenhouse gases during operation. This concept is,2021held in the United Kingdom in 2006.26The Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP26(1) In a large part of thebeing taken upand to promote green shipping corridors during that period.Clyde Bank Declaration(*)14was also announced. We welcome this declaration as an incentive to develop ships with low carbon dioxide emissions.opinionOn the other hand, some criticize the declaration for its lack of specificity and lack of enforceability.opinionThere are also

2023counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)7As of June,20More than 1,000 routes are in the development stage, and the Clyde Bank Declaration targeted2025before the year ...6The two routes are already calledbe in excess ofFor example, the world's most heavily trafficked shipping routes For example, the world's most heavily traded shipping routes1One, between the ports of Los Angeles in the United States and Shanghai in China,2022With the establishment of the Green Shipping Corridor across the Pacific Ocean in 2006.agreementand then2023counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)9In May, we will outline that plan.announcementThe company is doing so.

hard road

2023In 2006, the flagship of the world's shipping rules, theIMOhas proposed a more in-depth decarbonization goal for the shipping industry. However, the difficulty of technological innovation, high costs, and the fact that shipping traverses the world'sindustryThe road to decarbonization is still a long way off, in part because of the fact that the country's economy is still in the early stages of decarbonization.

Also, to begin with, this2023Year.IMOThe strategy itself is also problematic, having been criticized from multiple perspectives. For example, the current greenhouse gas emission reduction schedule is not designed to reduce the rise in temperature by1.5The goal of keeping the temperature below 1.5 degrees Celsius is not achievable.criticismThere are Other,IMOThe strategy also failed to introduce a carbon tax.criticismThe report is being The introduction of a carbon tax on the shipping industry.pressureschool (e.g. of ikebana)2023It has been growing since the beginning of the year,2023counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)6Paris in May.Financial SummitContinued on page 2,7Month ofMEPC80But the Marshall Islands and other Pacific Island countries are taking the lead in introducing a carbon tax.He sued.The carbon tax is expected to be introduced in the United States in the near future. However, there is strong opposition to the introduction of a carbon tax, particularly in China and other countries,IMOThe strategy does not adopt a carbon tax per se, but rather an "economic factor"representationThe company decided to settle on a

A ship navigating the Panama Canal (Photo:Malcolm K. / Flickr [CC BY-NC 2.0 DEED])

While the response was delayed in this way, the situation surrounding the environment worsened. For example, in the Panama Canal, the amount of water in the canal has decreased due to severe drought caused by extreme weather conditions,2024Vessel traffic until about 1949.restrictionThey need to continue to do so. And the restricted traffic has resulted in vessel berthing times ofincreaseAs a result, carbon dioxide emissions are estimated to have increased. It is ironic that the negative effects of global warming are in turn leading to further greenhouse gas emissions.

To be implemented in the futureIMOThe medium- and long-term policies of the strategy will be decided in concrete terms over the next few years. It will be necessary to keep a close watch on whether effective policies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions will be properly adopted.

note (supplementary information) symbol1　IMOHa,1959A United Nations agency established in 1949 that works to improve the safety of ships engaged in international trade and to prevent pollution of the environment by ships.1indicates possessive (often found in place names)The first is.

note (supplementary information) symbol2　IEAis the first post-oil crisis1974The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), established inOECD) within theindependent organizationand provides statistics and policies on energy.

note (supplementary information) symbol3　IMOGreenhouse gases in the study of the "Greenhouse Gases" include carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.

note (supplementary information) symbol4　used here.dataThe term "land transportation" in the "Land Transportation" section refers to cars, motorcycles, buses, and cabs for passengers, and trucks for freight, and does not include rail transportation.

note (supplementary information) symbol5　Carbon Strengthis a unit expressed in terms of energy consumption per unit of activity, and is calculated by dividing "energy use" by "economic activity.IMOIn the strategy, it is used as a unit per transportation operation.

note (supplementary information) symbol6　Energy efficiency design index for existing vessels (EEXI)means the total tonnage (*)15)400For existing large vessels engaged in international navigation over 3,000 tons, this regulation sets a standard for their fuel efficiency performance and requires them to meet the standard. If the standards are not met, some improvement measures must be taken.

note (supplementary information) symbol7　Fuel Economy Performance Rating System (CII System) refers to the total tonnage5,000This is a system that requires certain types of vessels over 3,000 tons to report to the competent authority the actual fuel consumption of the fuel used during the year, which is then ranked and evaluated.

note (supplementary information) symbol8　Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP)is,2013Starting in 2006, the total tonnage400It is an efficient operation method plan that is required to be submitted for vessels of 3,000 tons or more.2019Gross tonnage in 20065,000Mandatory collection and reporting of data on fuel consumption and other data for vessels over 3,000 tons,2023In the yearCIIThe system has been progressively tightened, as in the introduction of the system.

note (supplementary information) symbol9　Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI(Fuel Efficiency Standard) is a regulation that sets standards for new vessels in terms of their fuel efficiency and requires them to meet them.

note (supplementary information) symbol10　green hydrogenis hydrogen produced by electrolyzing water using electricity derived from renewable energy sources. By using electricity derived from renewable energy sources as the energy source for the production process, hydrogen can be produced without emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. However, since a large amount of energy is required for electrolysis, there is a concern that the cost will be very high if all of the energy is covered by renewable energy sources.

note (supplementary information) symbol11　green ammoniais ammonia produced by synthesizing green hydrogen produced by the above method and nitrogen separated from air. Unlike the usual ammonia production process that uses liquefied natural gas, no carbon dioxide is emitted during production.

note (supplementary information) symbol12　EU ETSThe "greenhouse gas cap" is a system that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by imposing a limit on the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted by certain companies within a target area and lowering the cap each year (cap system). Companies must purchase allowances for their emissions (some industries are allocated allowances free of charge), and companies whose emissions exceed their allowances must purchase allowances from surplus companies through market transactions (trade system).EU ETSThe income earned by the,EUThe funds are used to finance the decarbonization of the this system,EUwhich is a member of the27In addition to the three countries, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway are participating.

note (supplementary information) symbol13　Fit for 55is based on the European Climate Law, which requires that greenhouse gas emissionsCompared to 1990at least in55%To reduce,EUIt is a policy package against climate change implemented by theEU ETSThe reform of the reform of theFuelEUAdoption of,Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism(in Japanese history)EUThe program includes the establishment of a system that includes the declaration of greenhouse gas emissions and the collection of a surcharge based on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions for certain products imported from outside of the region.

note (supplementary information) symbol14　The Clydebank Declaration includes Ireland, USA, UK, Italy, Australia, Netherlands, Canada, Costa Rica, Singapore, Sweden, Spain, Chile, Denmark, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Palau, Fiji, Finland, France, Belgium, Marshall Islands, and Morocco total.24country of originparticipationThe company is doing so.

note (supplementary information) symbol15　Gross tonnage is a measure of the size of a ship,1969Year.Convention on Tonnage Measurement of ShipsIt is a figure calculated by the method prescribed by the It is obtained by multiplying the ship's inner volume by a factor specified by the Convention.

Writer: Ayane Ishida

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