2021In May 2006, a Kenyan man working as a migrant worker in Qatar was forcibly disappeared by Qatari authorities.(*1)treated by the government. He describes the situation of migrant workers in Qatar and the migrant workers'In the working environmentposts on the blog that are critical of the system.I was.He said.In QatarSome believe that the country has addressed his blog, in which he complained about the low status of migrant workers and the discrimination they face, as "false" information. Migrant workers like him, who work away from their homes, are particularly vulnerable in the Gulf countries (*2(1), and many of them are immigrants from all over the world.10%... and upwardslive in the Gulf countries.It is also said that What prompted the Gulf countries to accept large numbers of migrant workers? And what is the impact of immigration on the labor market?

Women taking photos of the Doha landscape (Photo: slack12 / Flickr [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0])

To the Modern State

Gulf States refers to the six countries located on the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East and Persian Gulf regionThe following is a list of the most common problems with theOne of the regional economic integrations in the Middle East and Persian Gulf region, the Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCCBahrain and Kuwait, which belong to theOman, ,Qatar, ,Saudi Arabia, ,United Arab Emirates (UAE)Six countries inIt is. These countries are.be locatedareawas geographically located between Asia, Africa, the Indian Ocean, and the Mediterranean Sea, and was a major hub for transit trade. And7In the first half of the 19th century, an Islamic-based state was established and then influenced by the surrounding Byzantine Empire, Sasanian Persia, and other major powers.16Around the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire began to expand, bringing most of the Arabian Peninsula under its influence, and kingdoms were gradually established in various regions.

Afterwards,19In the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire, which had been weakening in power, was replaced by European powers that had gained strength through the Industrial Revolution and other factors. Among them was Great Britain,Oman,Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and nowUAEand protection treaties,young (animal)These countries were placed under British protection. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from which today's Saudi Arabia is derivedschool (e.g. of ikebana)The United Kingdom did not make it a protectorate,Saudi Arabiaandby oneselfindicates such things as location of person or thing, location of short-term action, etc.He ruled.And And.20In the late 19th century, the financial situation in the United Kingdom became more difficult, among other factors, and the British protectorate ofThe Gulf countries have successively been the GermanKuwait in 1963, followed by1971Oman, Bahrain, and Qatar in 2006,The UAE joined the United Nations.

In fact, there are whispers of independence.previous, ,1930In the 1950s, the Gulf countries had vast oil reserves.They were found.The The economy had shifted from one based on agriculture and trade to one based on oil, and government revenues weresudden increaseThe following is a list of the most common problems with the2018Year.dataAmong the Gulf countries, according to theUAEof national budgets in the remaining five countries, except for the figure of 351 TP3T, which is the ratio of national budgets in the50% or higheris dependent on oil-related revenues.

Today, these countries, which have experienced substantial economic growth through oil, are the most important players in oil exploration, refining, and export.The essentials.equipmentforteThere is a need to improve the quality of life of the people. In addition to this, the need to develop roads, hospitals, schools, and other infrastructure associated with urbanization to improve people's standard of livingThe growth of the Japanese economy has created many jobs along with the growth of the Japanese economy.. Also, as people became wealthier, services to perform domestic labor on their behalf(at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusionDemand also increased. Against this background,Gulf Statesin order toPeople, called migrant workers, began to arrive from outside the country. The number of immigrants increased,Gulf StatesThe number of people with the nationality of the United States began to outnumber the number of people with the nationality of the United States.2018Year.UAEand Qatar in particular.The percentage of immigrant workersMany, of the population87Percentage or moreand more than half of the population of the Gulf countries as a whole is made up of immigrants. India, and Bangladesh,Philippinesand Nigeria and other estimates that come mainly from the Asian and African region.about3,500allof migrant workers contribute to the economic development of their countries.

Toward a Role-Based Society

In addition, the word "immigrant" is one word, but theythemmay be short-term migrant workers or may plan to stay for a longer period of time. Overall, migrant workers are more likely to be male thanApproximately 70% of the totalbut women are overwhelmingly the majority, especially in the case of domestic workers who do housework.numerousWhat kind of jobs did the migrant workers, and their own nationals, find in these countries? What kind of jobs, then, have each of the migrant workers who came to the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, and their own nationals, come to work under such circumstances? In recent yearsGCCLet's look at the percentage of nationals and migrant workers by sector in the countries.

From graph (*3),The overwhelming percentage of migrant workers in each country's labor market is found in the private sectorIn the UAE in particular, approximately 991 TP3T (*4) of the population working in the private sector are migrant workers. Theythemare mainly simple labor such as construction, maintenance, retail, and domestic labor such as housekeeping.be responsible forAlso, among immigrants, working as public servants in the land they settled in.Man.In addition to the above,As a talented individual with a specific skill setAccepting Immigrant WorkerscaseThere are also On the other hand, much of the public,Good pay, short working hours, stableby means ofbe knownpublic servantThey are working as The number of immigrants in each country has increased dramatically since the initial reception. In fact, the number of immigrants in the UAE has increased dramatically since 1960, when the first immigrants were admitted,2017The number of immigrants increased more than 3,000-fold in As a result, the public sector became the public service, while the rapidly growing number of immigrant workers were employed in the private sector and in domestic labor. Thus, a "division of roles" between the public and private sectors was created in the Gulf countries.

Problems Caused

The structure of the workforce, which has changed due to rapid economic growth, has led to two major problems: first, discriminatory treatment of migrant workers. The background for the suffering of migrant workers is the widely known ArabKafalaThe immigrants, calledbThe Guarantor System. It is a legal rule that defines the relationship between migrant workers and their/their employers, making it easier for the government to manage their behavior amidst the many migrant comings and goingsis incorporated as one objective.systembeIn other words, under this systemindicates certainty, emphasis, etc.can be described as a government outsourcing the management of migrant workers to an employer, an individual or company. The outsourced employers vary a bit from country to country,-ee (e.g. employee, examinee, trustee)Pay for the travel and residence of migrant workers who are employers.thereuponAt the same time, they are often required to serve as guarantors for migrant workers' work visas. The administration of this system is thorough, and in many cases the passports are kept by the employer.Therefore,Migrant workers cannot change jobs, return home or leave the country without their employer's permission, and they cannot defend themselves against unfair treatment. Migrant workers are also exempt from local labor laws.caseThere are also many This has resulted in cases where migrant workers are forced to do as they are told by their employers and are mistreated.Employer and EmployeeUnequal Relationships.encourageFrom the fact that "modern slaveryIt is even referred to as "the

Migrant workers in Qatar (Photo: ILO / Flickr [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0])

An example of this is,2019counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)10In May, it was discovered that online slave markets in Kuwait and other Gulf countries arebe proportionate toThe trafficking of domestic workers was said to be taking place because there were those whofactIn the The main traffickers were women migrant workers. They were unable to tell people about the trafficking and were probably crying themselves to sleep.Many domestic workers are poorlyenvironmentI was forced to work inIt can be seen that

And the second problem is,from ...It is the high rate of youth unemployment in the nation.In the Gulf countries, which are the largest immigrant countries we have seen so far,child (esp. of the young son of someone of high social standing)The unemployment rate for those who are unemployed is very high. In Saudi Arabia, the28%The number of respondents was particularly high in Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman, where it was about20%, and the worldAverage andexpensive in comparisonfigureThe results show that the In the Gulf countries, the percentage of the population under the age of 25 is becoming higher, accounting for 46% of the total national population in Saudi Arabia and even higher in Oman at 50%, and the youth population is increasing significantlyIt's showing.Thus, while the youth population is growing, its high unemployment rate has a significant impact on society as a whole. By reducing the unemployment rate to the global average, the economic benefits would increase.dataThere are also

People walking in the streets of Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia (Photo: Stephen Downes / [ [CC BY-NC 2.0])

Many of the growing number of young people want to work in public service, which offers high income and stability.trendThe reason for this is that the public sector has a large number of young people who want to work in the public sector. While so many young people are applying for public service, the public sector employment quotas are not increasing in the same way, and the public sector has many young peopleThe remainder will serve as a receptacle forThere is no wealth.KuwaitwellGovernment Budget36%andPeople who work in the public sector, such as civil servantsThe funds are used to pay salaries and other expenses, so much so that in recent years there has been a review of wages for public employees. As such, while the economic situation may see a reduction in the number of civil servants employed, it is unlikely to see an increase. So they are waiting for a civil service slot to open up.situationcontinues, and this is i.e., the "state of being unemployed". The people themselves tend not to want to work in the private sector, largely because the private sector pays lower salaries and forces them to work longer hours than public employees, according to thehave beenOn the one hand, if one wants to work in the private sector, he or she can do so. Even if, on the other hand, you applied for a private company,The private sectorrelativeHigh salariesThe job often requires expertise and skillsIt is. However,The citizens of the country.The lack of match between the education received and those skills.being apt tofrom (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity)Fulfillment of the required conditionsNot many people.saidpointing outThere is also the fact that the industry and the field in which young people really want to work are not sufficiently developed. In addition, it may be that the industries and sectors in which young people really want to work are not sufficiently developed, and they face a situation in which they cannot choose even though they would like to. In recent years, more young people in Saudi Arabia are interested in the tourism industry than in oil-related businesses.It's growing.However, as things stand now, the However, as it stands nowTourism IncomeHa,Gross petroleum-related revenuesof the total, is about one-third of the total, is considered underdeveloped, and may not be providing an adequate supply of jobs. These problems may be related to the high youth unemployment rate.

Breakthrough 1) Migrant Workers

What are the things that countries are actually doing, and what are thought to be possible in the future, to address the two major challenges in the Gulf countries: the human rights issues of migrant workers and the unemployment of their own youth? First.and as a solution to the problems faced by migrant workers.above-mentioned(at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusionThe reform or abolition of the kafala system is mentioned.Qatarwell2020In 2006, the decision was made to abolish the kafala system, allowing migrant workers to change jobs, etc., if they meet the requirements. Also,2021At the beginning of the year, a minimum wage law was introduced, which has discriminated againstThere was a lot to be said for that.-ist (used after a noun indicating someone's occupation, pursuits, disposition, etc.)blue-collar workerindicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.All workers, includingWages ofis guaranteed.reformwas brought about. However,2022These reforms are a superficial measure for the World Cup, as a number of labor problems were widely pointed out outside of Japan during the construction rush to host the 2012 Soccer World Cup.how to look at something (e.g. noh, train schedule)There are also

A view of the stadium in Qatar (Photo: Isabell Schulz / Flickr [CC BY-SA 2.0])

Saudi Arabia as well.2021In March 2006, the reform of the kafala system was initiated. However, millions of the most vulnerable, including domestic workers, drivers, farmers, and security guards, were excluded from this reform byExcluded.From,trueIt would be difficult to say that the reform of the Reform of the kafala systemand ... andNot only abolition, but also legislation that would ensure that workers' human rights are protected. Migrant workers are,Despite long working hours,Low salaries, failing health, and hospital visits.With their own citizensNot getting the same treatment, or going to court, than immigrants.from ...Judgments are rendered in favor of the people, and other basic human rights are denied.situationindicates such things as location of person or thing, location of short-term action, etc.face to faceThe following is a list of the most common problems with the

in additionShould long-term immigrant workers be granted citizenship?, ,saiddiscussionbe beyond one's controlThere are. Workers who emigrated when they were young and have long worked in the country as a second home, but under the current system, they remain "foreigners" for all time. In fact, in Saudi ArabiaCitizenship.Institutionalpoint systemwith the use of the following. In addition to speaking Arabic,10Points are awarded for residence for more than one year and a Ph.The citizenship application can be submitted once a certain number of points have been collected. However, granting them citizenship may raise concerns about the amount of money allocated for services to the citizens that the state is responsible for. Originally, the Gulf countries' wealth was built up through oil-related activities, and personal income taxes wereDid not existThe following is a list of the most common problems with theWhile the tax burden on the public is light., ,The country's generouspublicservices.In other words, as the number of "citizens" with rights increases, the state will be able to provide for the citizens it bears.publicThis is because the number of people benefiting from the service could increase and the country could suffer financially as a result. In addition, due to the recent drop in oil prices, the Gulf countries have been increasing their value-added taxes (VATTheintroductionThe fact that the Gulf countries are beginning to recognize and respect the rights of migrant workers, while at the same time making moves that are in line with their economic situation, will be a challenge in the future. The challenge for the future is for the Gulf countries to recognize and respect the rights of migrant workers, while at the same time begin to make moves that are appropriate to their economic situation.

Business meeting in the UAE (Photo: ILO / Flickr [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0])

Breakthrough 2) About the people in their own country

Next, with regard to the problem of unemployment among the youth of their own citizens, the "policy of nationalization of the labor force" is being promoted.policy of nationalisationis a policy that restricts the inflow of foreigners, aiming to increase the number of "own citizens" working in the "private sector". In practice,Saudi Arabiaand ... andOmanhas implemented measures such as setting targets for the percentage of its own citizens in the company and giving benefits to companies that achieve these targets.The reality, however, is that the people who did come to work in the private sector in this way did not have a satisfactory working environment. Although they began to hire their own citizens, many of them left the company, making it difficult to say that the unemployment problem as a whole had been solved.Many felt they did not have the skills needed in the private sector or that they were not paid enough.have been. Simply raising the number of people employed in the private sector does not seem to be the fundamental solution.　

And,Gulf countries to oil and natural gas in recent years.We are moving toward a "de-oil age" where we are moving away from excessive economic dependence, and economic diversification is a major change in the issue of youth unemployment. That the social structure dependent on oil will continue forever.not limited toThe future, when there will no longer be sufficient revenues from oil and natural gas, will be a time when the full range of public services that are taken for granted today will not be available. In the future, when sufficient revenues from oil and natural gas are no longer expected to be generated, it is likely that the full range of public services to the people, which are taken for granted today, will no longer be available, and the scale of employment of government employees will also decrease. Therefore, the government is promoting the development of industries other than petroleum, in other words, economic diversification. In fact, the government is investing in construction, real estate, tourism, and research and development that require technology.for the first timeThe company is trying to ride the wave of technological innovation.

The lush landscape of Dubai, UAE (Photo: Paolo Margari / Flickr [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0])

The development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is essential for the development of such non-oil industries. However, in the Gulf countries, banks are not willing to provide loans to SMEs.informationThere are also In order to change this situation, it is also necessary for the government to take the initiative to work with banks for the benefit of SMEs that do not have sufficient fundsbegin to becomeId.Thus, according to the diversification of the economy, there is a need to enhance knowledge and skills in various fields. Therefore, "reviewing the content of education" for our own citizens will also be necessary.be conceivableThe gap between the current education and the skills needed in the private sector after entering the workforce. In this regard, there is a gap between current education and the skills needed in the private sector after entering the workforce.how to look at something (e.g. noh, train schedule)haveThe "Gap" is an opportunity to learn and gain skills that will be useful in the workforce to prevent these gaps. As an opportunity to learn and gain skills that will be useful in the workforce to prevent these gaps from occurring, the "professional educationParticipation in the "I am a member of the program" is a possibility.It will also be necessary to develop other industries beyond oil, to make working in the private sector more attractive to the Gulf's own citizens, and to create a foundation for people with more diverse skills to work.

summary

The Gulf countries are,1930After the discovery of large amounts of oil and natural gas in the 1950s, many immigrantsI've been here.While each country has achieved rapid economic growth amidst such a social structure, it is clear that a variety of problems lurk in the background. As the Gulf countries enter the transition period of the post-oil era, they will have to deal with the problems of their own citizens, immigrants, and society as a whole.is moving in the right direction.Policy.last performer of the day (usu. the star performer)whether or notkeyat the same time as(after noun, adjective-stem or plain verb) just keepsThe future of the company will be closely watched. We will keep an eye on future developments.

note 1"An act of deprivation of liberty of a person by an agency of the State, etc., which involves, among other things, concealing the whereabouts of a missing person and placing him or her outside the protection of the law."Convention on the Prevention of Enforced Disappearances)

note (supplementary information) symbol2In Arab countries along the Persian Gulf, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCCThe six countries that make up the

3 The working population of each country.100by nationals and immigrants, and by public and private sector.RatioThe public sector is the one that has issued the In each country, the public sector is defined as "government-affiliated (Government)" and "mixed (Mixed)" for the private sector and "private (Private)" and "domestic workers (Domestic)" and "Other (Others) were calculated as the sum of the two.

Bahrain:2018counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)　Kuwait:2018counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)　Oman:2017counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)　Saudi Arabia:2018counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)

Qatar: The ratio is2018fiscal year, but the labor force is2017fiscal year (usu. April 1 to March 31)Calculated by

UAEOverall population2016fiscal year (usu. April 1 to March 31)and the percentage of the working population and the percentage of the sector in that population.2017fiscal year (usu. April 1 to March 31)Calculated using

4 The same calculation method as in the graph above was used (5,939,483 for the private sector as a whole, of which 5,889,649 were migrant workers).

Writer: Naru Kanai

Graphic: Yumi Ariyoshi , Naru Kanai

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