2021counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)9month14On April 1, the Maori Party of New Zealand signed a petition to change the name of the country of New Zealand to Aotearoa.startThe name "Aotearoa" means "Land of Long White Clouds" in the Maori language. Aotearoa" is a Maori word meaning "the land of the long white cloud.meaningand here refers to New Zealand as a whole. The Maori Party is a political party that claims to represent the country's indigenous Maori people. New Zealand,2020counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)6As of March, the domestic population of16.7%make up a portionApproximately 850,000 peopleis estimated to have a Maori identity.signaturefrom the start of the36In time.4Ten thousand pens are gathered,2021counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)9At the end of the month.6many writingsThe number of respondents to the survey surpassed the according to a poll of broadcasters,41% of respondents want Aotearoa to be the official name of the country or to be used in conjunction with New Zealand. What is behind this move? This article will mainly look back at New Zealand's past and explain the trends to date.

Members of the Maori Party meeting with representatives of the New Zealand National Party (Photo: nznationalparty / Flickr [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0])

History of New Zealand (to ~1840)

According to common belief, mankind iscirca 1300and Polynesian islands in the South Pacific by boat, arriving in the northern part of the land now known as New Zealand. As the population grew, people2They moved to different parts of the three islands and formed individual communities. Conflicts between communities were fought through negotiation and military means.solutionThe people did not have a written language, so myths and folk tales were told through songs and stories. Since the people did not have a written language, myths and folk tales through songs and stories weretraditionThe first time the company was founded, it was a small company.

thereafterFrom 17.18European explorers reached New Zealand during the 19th century. The current name of the country is New Zealand,17by Europeans who visited the area in the 19th century.nomenclatureThe "M" is the name given to the product.1800Beginning in the early 1940s, European whaling ships visited northern New Zealand, and the Europeans and nativestradebegan to take place. Europeans sought food and local labor, while indigenous peoples traded for muskets and other weapons. Indigenous peoples beyond their respective communities until people arrived from Europe.general termThe Maori, which means "normal" in Polynesian to distinguish themselves from their European counterparts, did not exist in the first place.namecame into use among the indigenous people. And the Maori people called the people from Europe "pakeha"nameThey came to be called by the Later, the term Pakeha people came to refer to those of primarily European ancestry. In this article, Maori and Pakeha people will be used according to this definition.

19In the 19th century, Christian missionaries from Europe also became active. Through these exchanges, the Western way of life gradually spread to the Maori people. The missionaries received food and shelter from the Maori people from their chiefs, and in return, they received muskets from theofferThe first time the gun was used, the Maori community was not happy. Conflicts arose among the Maori communities that had access to guns,1818Since the year1840called "musket wars" until 1949.armaments raceoccurred in New Zealand. Due to this war,Approx. 20,000The number of people who died as a result of infectious diseases brought from Europe far exceeded the deaths caused by the war. In addition, the number of people dying because of infectious diseases brought from Europe far exceeded the deaths from war, during the Musket Wars, within the territory of what is now New Zealand, due to normal factors such as disease,Approximately 120,000 peopleis believed to have died.

The Maori economy was affected by war and disease.collapseThe Maori, who had been cooperating with the Pakeha (mainly British settlers) at the time, were about to do so. At that time, the Maori people, who had been cooperating with the Pakeha (mainly British settlers), were newly French to New Zealand'scontrolThe chiefs of the various Maori communities, who had previously fought over resources, united to form a Maori state (*).1(the "Missionaries"). In doing so, he had been working with British missionaries.relationship of mutual trusthad been built, the Maori sought to link up with the British. In return for managing the Pakeha people in New Zealand, the Maori chiefs offered the King of EnglandpatronageDeclaration of Independence calling for the1835He presented it in 2006.

The British were not pleased with this declaration of independence,1830In the late 1950s, a largeSettlement Planand began to look at colonizing New Zealand. With the settlement plan, the British government wanted to apply its own laws to New Zealand to control the new settlers. Meanwhile, the Maori people were faced with dealing with the illegal Pakeha people and other threats from the outside. In light of each situation, the British government and the Maori chiefs negotiated,1840The Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1949.conclusionThe treaty was signed. The treaty provided for the transfer of sovereignty to the United Kingdom to protect the Maori people from outside threats, and granted the United Kingdom alone the right to acquire Maori land (exclusive right of first refusal) in exchange for guaranteeing the Maori's rights to the land they held. However, after the treaty was concluded, troubles over territory and sovereignty between the Maori and the British broke out despite the existence of the Treaty of Waitangi. This was due to the fact that both sides had different views on the scope of "sovereignty" as stipulated in the Treaty of Waitangi.how to look at something (e.g. noh, train schedule)and that the Pakeha's economic power after the treaty was signed led to a greater than expected loss of Maori sovereignty as the Pakeha proceeded to acquire Maori land.how to look at something (e.g. noh, train schedule)and so on. In any case, the issues over sovereignty and land rights between Maori and Pakeha would continue long into the present day.

A reconstruction of the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi (Photo: Archives New Zealand / Flickr [CC BY 2.0])

To domination by the British

After the Treaty of Waitangi, the extent of British "sovereignty" in New Zealand effectively expanded as British purchases of land increased. The Maori people frequently approached the British, claiming that the treaties regarding the purchase and sale of land were not being honored.complaintbut was not heard. A British judge stated that the Treaty of Waitangi was legally invalidcaseof having ignored the rights of the Maori people.symbolIt is considered to be a19Beginning in the late 19th century, there was a movement among the Maori people to review the Treaty of Waitangi and demand the return of their lands, but negotiations with the British government were exhausted.setbackThe treaty was signed in 1949 and is still in force today. There is still a lot of controversy over the content of the treaty on this issue.discussionThe "M" is the number of

With the expansion of their holdings, the British took control of New Zealand and created a colonial government and set up laws and institutions that were favorable to their own people. The result was the further loss of the Maori people's land and, in some places, even their language and culture. Below we will examine the situation of the Maori people after the Treaty of Waitangi was signed, breaking it down into land-related, economic and social, and language and culture.

Prior to the Treaty of Waitangi, the Maori people had a large portion of the country's landpossessionThe first time the treaty was made, the colonial government took advantage of the exclusive right of first refusal to buy land. After the treaty was enacted, the colonial government used its exclusive right of first refusal to purchase land one after another,1860of land in the domestic North Island in 2006.80%to be owned by the colonial government. Faced with the rapid loss of their land, a movement against the land deal arose, led by Maori people who feared that they would be enslaved to the British. The struggle for ownership of land in the North Island expanded, with the colonial government joining Pakeha, who demanded the sale of land, and the Maori people, who opposed the sale of land,1860Since the year12Over the years, the New Zealand Waroutbreak (e.g. war)The first time, the company was in a position to do so.

Following the outbreak of the New Zealand War, the colonial government1863Since the year1865Over the years, the Rebellion Suppression Act, the New Zealand Settlements Act, and the Native Lands Actenactmentdid. legislation was enacted to take land from the Maori involved in the war, and the Maori land wasconfiscationIt is,1865By the year 2000, the South Island99%to be owned by the colonial government, and some of the land on the North IslandconfiscationThe company was Further,1865Since the year1890The Land Transfer Law was enacted in the years leading up to 1949,300Ownership of more than 10,000 hectares of land to the colonial government.transferThe result was that the company decided to As a result1920By 2006, the Maori people owned only a small percentage of the land in the North and South Islands combined.8%The first time this happened was in 1983, when the company was founded.

An image of Wellington in 1841 (Photo: Archives New Zealand / Flickr [CC BY 2.0])

On the economic and social front, major changes were also taking place. The New Zealand War led to a decline in the Maori population.1840When the Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1949, about70,000From.90,000The population was estimated to be,19It continued to decline until the end of the century,1896In 2006, about42,000Up to peopledecreaseThe ThebackgroundThe reason for this is that, in addition to the deaths caused by the war, more and more Maori died before reaching adulthood due to new infectious diseases introduced by the settlers. Meanwhile, the population of Pakeha during that periodincreaseAs a result, Maori became an increasingly small minority, with little economic resources or political clout.decreaseThe first time, the company was in a position to do so.

What was the political situation?1853From the year , the first congressman by the colonial governmentelectionwere held. At that time, many Maori could not vote because they had to own land to participate in elections. This was because Maori owned land as a community and did not have land as individuals, which was a requirement for the right to vote. In the first election,5,849Of the three voters, only a few Maori100 peopleThat was about it. Later, based on Pakeha's idea of assimilating Maori politically,1868Since the election in 200637of the seats went to Maori.4A seat was set aside.4The number of seats is very small in terms of the ratio of Pakeha to Maori population, and a review of the number of seats is100It did not materialize for more than a year. In addition, differences between Pakeha and Maori over the date and method of voting wereexistenceThe first time, the company was in a position to do so.

Discrimination against Maori people is20The policy aspects are also seen in the 21st century, specifically, the amount of old-age pension and widow's pension benefits to Māori is higher than that of Pakeha.25%The fact that there were fewer of them. Other factors include the fact that being Maorireasonto rent property, or banks and stores "do not hire people of color (Maori people) (*).2(1) the policy of the "new policy" (i.e., the "new policy"), and so on.casealso existed. Maori people were prevented from using public toilets, from movie theaters and swimming poolsisolationIn some cases, they were even refused entry to bars, haircuts, and taxis. In addition, alcohol in bars, haircuts, and cab rides were refused, and there were even signs on city streets that read "No Maori Allowed.unusuallyThere were none.

There was also discrimination against Maori people in terms of language and culture. After the Treaty of Waitangi was signed, the colonial government enacted laws on education and established a primary education system. During this period, children and students attending school were mainly Pakeha, and Maori children were excluded from schooling.alienationThe first time the company was founded, it was a small company.1867In 1949, the Indigenous Schools Act was enacted.enactmentThe content of the report, however, was to punish Maori-speaking children and promote English-language education, in an attempt to erase minority identities and other forms of discrimination.assimilationistThe value of English was strong. English in the workplace and in sports.necessaryTherefore, Maori parents encouraged their children to learn English, choosing to adapt to the Western lifestyle. Maori children educated exclusively in EnglishEnvironmentIn the process of becoming a20Maori language will disappear during the 21st century.concernThere were also

Besides language, Maori culture was also influenced by the colonial government. Traditional tattoos, which are a prime example of culture, are an example of class, social status, authority, and prestige.symboland has various meanings depending on its design. However, because they were considered "devil's art" by the Pakeha missionaries who proselytized Christianity, young men fromsupportThey lost the

A tattooed man applying a carving, a traditional Maori art form (Photo: Kathrin & Stefan Marks / Flickr [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0])

Maori Rights and Cultural Revival

19From the century to the20Over the course of the century, conditions and changes in the British homeland had a profound impact on New Zealand. For example, during the South African War and the two World Wars, many soldiers were seconded from New Zealand. During the war, Maori troops made a significant contribution to the British, and when they returned home, they were called "returning heroes."welcomeThe first time, New Zealand was granted independence from the United Kingdom. At the same time, New Zealand was gradually moving toward independence from Great Britain. Finally1947In 1949, New Zealand adopted the Statute of Westminster, which gave it a legislative function independent of the British Parliament.

Through war, the Maori people have developed a sense of identity.senseto have the same rights and culture. Then, after the war, Maori rights and culturalreconstructionThe movement toward a more The background is related to global events and phenomena. Since the postwar period1960Through the 1950s, many countries in Asia, Africa, and elsewhere won their independence, which1It is one. Others include the civil rights movement in the U.S. and against apartheid in South Africa.opposition movementand international efforts to restore the rights of indigenous peoples.trendThese include. Initially, the goal was to return the wrongfully taken lands and promote the Maori language, but activists and civil society groups,Heian-period student of government administrationprotest movements and grassroots-level activities centered on the Maori people spread in even more diverse directions. The migration of Maori people to urban areas and the maintenance of their culture by forming new Maori communities in the settlements,revival or recovery movementThis was the beginning of the "Maori Movement" in Japan. This movement by the Maori people led to national action and a gradual improvement in the unfair treatment of the Maori people prior to the war. Below, we will examine the post-World War II situation in the following three areas: land, economy and society, and language and culture.

Maori books on display at the library (Photo: Christchurch City Libraries / Flickr [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0])

For many Maori, the most important thing in the country is the landquestion (e.g. on a test)It was.1920In 1949, the Maori people of New Zealand land8%held only a few before World War II, whereas they held only1%The number of such cases had decreased to1970Since the 1950s, protests against land confiscation haveappearance one after anotherThe reason for this is that I did,1975in the yearTreaty of Waitangi Actwas enacted. The tribunals established under this law investigated Maori land claims and related matters. Subsequently, the Tribunal's powers wereenlargementSh,1840Claims arising after 2006 can now be considered.1990Since the 1980s, the return of unjustly confiscated land and compensation for damagesrequestbegan.2020... in the year (e.g. "in the year 2000, when ...")45The Court, which is celebrating its anniversary, has made visible many issues related to land.

Turning now to the economic and social aspects, the New Zealand economy has been supported by exports of high-priced agricultural products since the end of World War II.developmentThe Maori people had been the main source of income for the Maori people before the war. Before the war, the Maori people75%lived in the countryside, but after the war they migrated to the cities in search of work,1960By the s.60%people began to live in urban centers. The higher wages have improved the Maori economic situation, and people have better access to quality health care. Infant mortality and infectious diseasemortalityhas dropped significantly, but on the other hand, socioeconomic problems remain deep-rooted, and life expectancy is still short compared to pakehatrendIn the In addition, the electoral system has been revised, and the number of Māori seats has also beenincreaseand the Ministry of Maori Development, which is responsible for the public policy and welfare of the Maori people.establishmentThe first time the company was founded, it was a small company.

Finally, we will discuss the linguistic and cultural aspects.1955The Maori Education Committee in 2006.Establishmentand the Maori people were formally positioned in education. Subsequently, activists calling for the introduction of the Maori language into schoolingorganizationNgātamatoa" and other Maori language organizations joined forces to petition Congress, which led to the establishment of a Maori language education program and a broadcasting station in the Maori language.startThis led to the In addition, a program to teach the Maori language to children before they enter elementary school, "Cohangaleo.The Maori cultural revitalization movement has gained momentum, with the establishment of elementary school in English and Maori in the community. As a result, the number of schools offering bilingual education in English and Maori and the number of Maori language schools has increased.increaseThe company was the first to do so. The final1987In 1949, Maori became an official language of the country along with English.certificationThe first time the company was founded, it was a small company.

1980Since the 1980s, Maori language television and radioprogram (e.g. TV)was another important move to guarantee Maori rights. television broadcasting in New Zealand.It's started.1960Since the year20Over the years, Maori people appeared on television mainly as singers and other entertainers, and there were no programs broadcast in the Maori language. However, from the period when Maori was recognized as an official language, programs introducing Maori education, culture, and customs began to appear, and played a major role in promoting and recognizing the Maori language.2003In 2006, the government enacted a law stipulating that the Maori language national broadcaster would be publicly funded and is now2Two TV stations are in Maori.broadcastThe company has been

On the set of a Maori TV show (Photo: Michael Coghlan / Flickr [CC BY-SA 2.0])

Other cultural aspects also saw a revival. Traditional tattoos suffered condemnation by Christian missionaries,1970Support from the 1950s and 1970sacquisitionThe first time the program was held in Japan, the interest from young people increased. Also2000In the 1950s, traditional Maori costumes were used for formal occasions.having onThe first time the company was founded in 1949, it was called the "Municipal Corporation of Japan".

grim prospects

As noted above, the status and situation of Maori has gradually improved. However, it is also true that Maori people are still socially and economically disadvantaged compared to non-Maori people. For example, in terms of health and living conditions, Maori and non-Maori are at adisparityremain. Again, let's divide specific examples into land-related, economic and social, and language and culture.

First, there is the disparity related to land. Even today, the return of land to the Maori peoplemovementbut it is difficult to say that land issues have been resolved. Most land claim issues remain unresolved, and Maori people, who currently account for 16.71 TP3T of the country's population, have no land5%The company only owns land in the

Let us look at the economic and social aspects. Although the living conditions of Maori people are improving compared to the prewar period, there is still an economic disparity between Maori and non-Maori.2012of the country's children living in poverty as of 2006.half the numberThe unemployment rate has been increasing year by year.risingThe Maori parents have a relatively low income, due in part to structural discrimination and poverty. Because Maori parents have relatively low incomes, due in part to structural discrimination and poverty, the education allocated to their childrencapitalare few. Differences in parental income create educational disparities, resulting in a low level of education for Maori. Maori children, after finishing school, find employment in the manufacturing and wholesale industries, where salaries are low.possibilityis higher, creating a negative cycle of suffering for the rest of their lives.

In addition, although the teaching of the Maori language in schools has become an accepted environment,2000In the 1950s, Maori speakers weredecreaseThe trend is toward a smaller percentage of Maori speakers among younger generations. Even today, there is still a strong opposition to the use of the Maori language.repulsionA certain number of non-Maori have voiced their concerns about the Maori language, and many domestic broadcast personalities who continue to use the Maori language areslanderHe said that he has been receiving

An additional problem is that prejudice against the Maori people and culture still persists. Insulting to Maori in Congressproposaland Maori legislators who objected to the Western dress code of the parliament and did not wear neckties were ordered to leave the room.casestill exist today. With regard to the electoral system, a system in which a certain number of Māori seats are allocated through a constituency system is currently in place, but other parties haveoppositionThere were also voices of As a kind of affirmative action (*3) against such discrimination and disadvantage, one university's medical school admissions test gave priority to Maori students.Acceptance.The company said that it is.

Nanaia Mahuta, the first Maori woman to be appointed New Zealand's foreign minister in 2020 (Photo: Public Policy Forum / Flickr [CC BY-ND 2.0])

Prospects for the Future

So far, we have reviewed the history of New Zealand, focusing on Maori land issues, economic society, and language and culture. Compared to many other indigenous peoples of the world, the Maori people are socially secured, partly because of their relatively large proportion of the population and partly because of the Treaty of Waitangi, which was writtenportionThere are also In the postwar period, Maori culture has been gaining recognition and acceptance in the country, and new initiatives have been developed in politics, education, and the media. In recent years, New Zealand has seen an increase in the number of residents of Asian descent.increaseThe trend is toward more and more complex ethnic identities. Currently, the number of signatures on the national name change mentioned at the beginning of this article has not reached a sufficient number, and the national name change may not be realized, but we sincerely hope that the position of the Maori will be further guaranteed in the future.

note (supplementary information) symbol1　Ships owned by Maori at the time did not fly the flag, so the ships were seizedhazardousThere was a Therefore, Maori chiefs chose their own flag, which became the flag of ships sailing from New Zealand.

note (supplementary information) symbol2　the lastGNVhas taken the stance that it does not take the human distinction of race.

3 Affirmative action is a measure to help people who have been socially discriminated against on the basis of race, ethnicity, gender, etc.measuremeans a person who is a member of a group of people who are members of the group.

Writer: Koki Morita

Graphic: Aoi Yagi

Follow @GNV_tweets