On December 1, 2022, a ship carrying approximately 180 Rohingya refugees (*1) departed from Bangladesh for Indonesia. On board the ship were pregnant women and children who had fled from the poor conditions and violence in the refugee camps in Bangladesh. However, a week later, the ship was hit by a storm in the Bay of Bengal and sank.unknownThe first two are the following.

A human rights group called the incident a prime example of the inaction of governments and indifference of the world toward the Rohingya refugees.claimThe UNHCR has been asked to rescue ships in distress trying to cross from Bangladesh to Southeast Asia through the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has been requesting the rescue of distressed vessels attempting to cross from Bangladesh to Southeast Asia through the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea, but has been ignoredstatedThe following is a list of the most common problems with the

In considering the refugee response in Southeast Asia, there is one fact that should be addressed. It is,Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (1951(Convention of 1949)andProtocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (1967(Protocol of 1949)Southeast Asia has ratified the Convention on Refugees, which together is called the "Refugee Convention," both in11Countries (*)2(China, Philippines, Cambodia, and Timor-Leste)three countriesThe only thing that is known about the refugees in Southeast Asia is that they are not refugees. This article looks at the current situation of refugees in Southeast Asia and the measures being taken to deal with them.

Malaysian flag hoisted at a Rohingya refugee home in Kuala Lumpur (Photo:Overseas Development Institute / Flickr [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0])

Overview of Refugees in Southeast Asia

I would like to summarize the refugees that are occurring in Southeast Asia or coming into Southeast Asia. Historically.1970In the 1980s, the Indochina3Country (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) (*)3The armed conflict and U.S. military intervention in the United States and the subsequent transition to a socialist system in the United States led to a number ofrefugeesoccurred. Other conflicts between the Myanmar government and rebel groups have resulted inrefugeesThe invasion of Timor-Leste by Indonesia and the United States led to a large number ofrefugeesoccurred in the past.

Also,1980Since 1949, Tamil forces in Sri Lanka (*)4and government.disputeand refugees generated by the invasion of Afghanistan by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) also flowed into Southeast Asia.2000In the post-1990s, the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq has resulted in refugees.2010In the 1990s, the conflict in Syria resulted inrefugeesIn addition to the Rohingya, many Rohingya have been affected by the armed repression of the Myanmar government.refugeescan be used as an example. Southeast Asia has also accepted refugees arising from such conflicts outside the region.

Based on this history, we will summarize where there is currently a large influx of refugees in Southeast Asia. First, there are refugees from Myanmar. Rohingya refugees, in particular, make up the bulk of the refugees. Next are refugees from Afghanistan, where the Taliban's seizure of power, in addition to previous armed conflicts, has been a contributing factor. Others have fled armed conflict and oppression in the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia. Some of them were going to Southeast Asia, and some were going to Australia via Southeast AsiarefugeesThere are also

Next, we will look at the number of refugees staying in Southeast Asian countries.

This chart shows and compares the number of refugees accepted by Southeast Asian countries in 2022 by country. As can be seen from this graph, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia, which have not ratified the Refugee Convention, have accepted more refugees than the Philippines and Cambodia, which have ratified the Convention. The following section will provide details on the current status of these acceptances.

Refugee reception policies of countries that have ratified the Refugee Convention and their problems

Here is what I just introduced,1951Treaty of 1949 and1967Philippines, Cambodia, and Timor-Leste, which ratified both of the 2006 Protocols.3We will discuss refugee policies in the countries. Before doing so, we would like to review the role of the Convention and the Protocol. The Refugee Convention isUNHCRAccording to the "United Nations Convention on the Status of Refugees", it was adopted "in recognition of the critical importance of international cooperation and solidarity in guaranteeing the protection of refugees and resolving their problems". This Refugee Convention includes the principle that refugees should not be refused entry or deported to a country where they face a life-threatening situation, which isprinciple of non-foolmanIt is called. This principle iscustomary international lawTherefore, deporting refugees and asylum seekers on the grounds that they are not signatories to the Refugee Convention isI can't.It is considered to be a

Also,1951Treaty of 1949 and1967The differences in the 2006 Protocol should also be mentioned.1951The 2006 Convention defines "refugee" and outlines the rights and obligations of refugees to enter the country.Indication.By,1951counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)1month1Whereas it applies only to those who became refugees as a result of an incident that occurred one day before,1967The Protocol of 1949 is the first of its kind in the world.1951counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)1month1that the previous treaty be applied to those who became refugees in the post-date incident.Indication.The following is a summary of the results of the study.1967The Protocol of 1949 is the first of its kind in the world.1951It was adopted after the adoption of the 1949 Convention in order to apply that Convention to those who became refugees due to new circumstances.

First, we will look at the Philippines.1981The Philippines, which ratified the Refugee Convention in 2006, has in the past accepted refugees from Indochina and the Iranian Revolution.2021In 2006, they accepted Afghan refugees fleeing the rule of the Taliban regime in their own country.decisionbut a few weeks later, the Philippine government accepted asylum applications from people fleeing Afghanistan only through official agencies of foreign governments.policyindicated that the The acceptance of Afghan refugees from the U.S.requestbased, non-governmental organizations (NGOIt also caused a stir because it meant refusing refugee asylum requests from nongovernmental organizations such as

As of 2022856 refugees and 780 asylum seekers (*5) are in the Philippines in 2022.As a new asylum applicant59 casesaccepted. The majority of them were from Middle Eastern countries such as Yemen and Syria.

Cambodians returning from a refugee camp on a UNHCR train, 1992 (Photo:United Nations Photo / Flickr [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0])

Then, let's talk about Cambodia. Once in Cambodia,1970The invasion by the U.S. in 1949 and,1975The arrival of the Pol Pot regime in 1949,1978The Vietnamese invasion in 1949 and the conflict that followed the fall of the Pol Pot regime caused a large number of refugees.HistoryThere is a

We will now look at Cambodia as a subsequent host country for refugees. Cambodia has1992Although it ratified the Refugee Convention in 2006, it has accepted relatively few refugees.2014In 2006, an agreement was reached with Australia to allow asylum seekers who came to Australia to settle in Cambodia on the condition that they receive financial support.agreementIt was controversial that the government of Cambodia had Also, many of the refugees once in Cambodia,2020country of origin by the Cambodian authorities in 2006.forced repatriationThe fact is that the company had been2021In 2006, the Cambodian government announced that it would provide up to300Resettlement of two Afghan refugees to a third country (*)5) to protect during the proceedings for theunderstanding (e.g. "please be understanding of the mess during our renovation")He stated that he did.2022As of the year 2000, the24With two refugees12Exile of peopleapplicationperson to Cambodia.stayThe company is doing so.

Finally, I would like to talk about Timor-Leste. East Timor was once a Portuguese colony,1975 The country was invaded by Indonesia in 1949, and at this point a large number of refugees were said to have been generated. Subsequently,1999 In 2006, the country achieved independence from Indonesia as a result of a referendum. Many people took refuge inexperienceTimor-Leste has a history of having had a number of In light of this, after independence, the exiles who come to their countryapplicationto continue to support thosevowUnder the1951Treaty of 1949 and1967ratified the Protocol of 1949. This is the first time that2002From the Declaration of Independence in 19641It's been a year.2003This was in the year 2000.

However, according to those who have attempted to apply for asylum, the Timorese government is not prepared to accept asylum seekers and instead has asked them to leave Timor-Leste.suggestionSome of them have been In addition, Timor-Leste's immigration and asylum law states that those who enter the country seeking asylum must, upon arrival72that the application must be submitted within the hour.provisionsThe criticisms also include issues such as the fact that there is a

Refugee reception policies of countries that have not ratified the Refugee Convention and their problems

As the graph on refugee admissions shows, just because a country has not ratified the Refugee Convention does not mean that it is not accepting refugees. In fact, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia are2021Total in the year289,000As many refugees and asylum seekersapplicationThe person.livingThe following is a brief overview of the refugee policies of Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. This issue focuses on refugee reception policies in Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia, which are among the leading refugee-receiving countries in Southeast Asia.

First, let's talk about Malaysia. Malaysia has the largest number of refugees and asylum seekers among Southeast Asian countriesapplicationThe company accepts people who are Specifically.2023As of 2006, the total is approximately181,300People Refugees and AsylumapplicationThe person is staying in Malaysia.The breakdown is,The number of refugees from Myanmar, including Rohingya refugees, is increasing. Their number accounts for the totalabout86%ranging from the United States to the United Kingdom and the United States of America. However, according to the human rights group Human Rights Watch, refugee claimants who are being deported to Myanmar by the Malaysian authoritiesincreaseThe idea that the lack of ratification of the Refugee Convention is a major factor and that the rise of xenophobic sentiments during the new coronavirus pandemic are related. There is the idea that the lack of ratification of the Refugee Convention is a major factor, and that the rise of xenophobic sentiment during the new coronavirus pandemic has had a lot to do with it.pointing outThe "M" is the number of

Thailand.2022As of 2006, refugees and asylum seekersapplicationperson in total,about95,398-ian (e.g. Italian, etc.) (attaches to name of country)Staying. ethnic minorities from Myanmar.mainlyThey have been accepted. This is because ethnic minority groups that have long been persecuted by the Myanmar government in the eastern and northern parts of Myanmar have formed rebel groups and have been working with the government todisputeSome say that refugees have emerged as the

Thailand has a problem with refugees living in urban areas outside of refugee camps. Urban refugees are not recognized as refugees by the Thai government and are in a precarious situation, subject to arrest and deportation.fearThe majority of the refugees have been living in refugee camps for many years. In addition, most refugees are in the process of applying for third-country resettlement, but it takes a long time to receive the results, which means that they have been living in refugee camps for many yearsquestion (e.g. on a test)There are also

In recent years, there have been changes in Thailand's refugee policy. One is,2018counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)12adopted by the UN General Assembly in May.Global Compact on Refugees" (*)7on the refugee issue on the basis ofUNHCRand other organizations such aspartnership(*)8The first is the signing of the "Agreement on the Acquisition of a New Company" (the "Agreement"). The other is,2023counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)5In the general election for the House of Representatives held in Mayvictoryand Chongticha Jengrau of the Advancement Party, which became the first party to promote the protection of refugees.1951They want to sign and ratify the 2006 Convention.statedThis is the first time that the Thai government has made a decision to accept refugees. We expect the Thai government's refugee policy to change in the future.

Ungpium refugee camp in Thailand (Photo:EU Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid / Flickr [CC BY-SA 2.0])

Finally, let's talk about Indonesia.2022As of 2006, refugees and asylum seekers in IndonesiaapplicationThe person combined with theabout12,616-ian (e.g. Italian, etc.) (attaches to name of country)They are staying in the city, and about55% are from Afghanistan. Many of these refugees are trying to reach Australia and other countries.checkpointIt is believed that he is temporarily staying in Indonesia as a exile, however.applicationAustralia, which is turning away those whopolicyThe company was forced to remain in Indonesia by the In addition, in the past10In the past year, hundreds of Rohingya refugees seeking asylum in Indonesia haveincreaseThe first time, the company was in a position to do so.

summary

We have looked at the current status and problems of refugee reception policies in various countries. Regardless of whether or not they have ratified the Refugee Convention, refugee policies in Southeast Asian countries, especially in terms of guaranteeing the rights of refugees, are riddled with problems. In fact, there are many aspects in which refugees are not guaranteed various rights in the countries where they take refuge. In addition, the poor conditions in refugee camps and other poorEnvironmentIn addition, there are many refugees who are unable to receive education, proper medical care, or work. In addition, they are unable to receive education, proper medical care, or work, and are at risk of deportation due to their legal status as illegal immigrants.question (e.g. on a test)have a high level of education. Focusing on the educational perspective, even if they have not ratified the Refugee Convention,Convention on the Rights of the Child(*)9The rule is that each country will cooperate with the UN to protect the rights of refugee children if it is a ratifying country of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (the Convention on the Rights of the Child). However, Thailand is the only country that has ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Art.22Article (*)10(1) Reserved.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEANWhat about refugee policy in the United States?ASEANIn the United States, there are no rules regarding refugee policy, and refugee policies and laws are left to the will of national governments.Delegated to.There There are,ASEAN The reason for this is that the U.S. government places great emphasis on respect for the sovereignty of member states and the principle of non-interference in their internal affairs, according to the U.S. Department of Commerce.opinionThere are And,ASEANof the legal framework for refugee protection inlackhas resulted in laws that do not adequately guarantee the rights of refugees in Southeast Asian countries.

Looking at refugee issues in Southeast Asia, legal frameworks such as the Refugee Convention, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and regional initiatives are important, but the extent to which they are put into practice is also a question. It will be interesting to see what the refugee policies of Southeast Asian countries will be in the future.

Rohingya refugees in Malaysia (Photo:Overseas Development Institute / Flickr [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0])

note (supplementary information) symbol1　A persecuted Muslim minority in Myanmar.2017Many Rohingya fled to Bangladesh after Myanmar's violent armed crackdown in 2006,2023counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)2As of June, the number ofabout957,971-ian (e.g. Italian, etc.) (attaches to name of country)There are also Rohingya refugees from refugee camps in Bangladesh who seek asylum in Southeast Asia by boat or ship.

note (supplementary information) symbol2　Southeast Asia in Indonesia, Cambodia, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Philippines, Brunei, Vietnam, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Laos.11Suppose it consists of countries.

note (supplementary information) symbol3　1975Indochina in 1949.3Refugees resulting from armed conflicts in the countries (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) and military intervention by the United States and other countries.

note (supplementary information) symbol4　Tamil-speaking ethnic group in Sri Lanka,1976The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam in 1949 (LTTEan armed organization calledEstablishmentThe first time, the company was in a position to do so.

note (supplementary information) symbol5　People who have left their own country and are seeking protection from persecution or human rights violations in another country, but who are not yet legally recognized as refugees and are awaiting a decision on their asylum application.pointThe following is a list of the most common problems with the

note (supplementary information) symbol6　The transfer of a refugee from the country in which he or she first sought protection to a third country that has agreed to receive him or her.

note (supplementary information) symbol7　It is an international arrangement that brings the world together to promote refugee protection and is expected to bring diverse actors together to work on a society-wide basis.

note (supplementary information) symbol8　The Thai government is,NGOand the private sector, and by strengthening partnerships with a variety of actors, including the private sector, they have received support from those organizations in addressing refugee issues.

note (supplementary information) symbol9　18A treaty established to guarantee internationally the fundamental human rights of children under the age of 18.

note (supplementary information) symbol10　Convention on the Rights of the Child, Art.22counter for long thin things1Paragraph 2: "The High Contracting Parties shall take appropriate measures to ensure that children seeking refugee status or recognized as refugees under applicable international law and international procedures or national law and national procedures, whether or not accompanied by their parents or other persons, receive appropriate protection and humanitarian assistance in the enjoyment of the rights provided for in this Convention and other international instruments relating to human rights or humanity to which they are parties and to which they are subject. . shall take appropriate measures to ensure that children, whether or not accompanied by their parents or other persons, receive adequate protection and humanitarian assistance in the enjoyment of the rights provided for in the present Convention and in other international instruments relating to human rights or humanity to which they are parties, as applicable. Withholding this means that refugee children in the country do not have access to a satisfactory education.

Writer:Hayato Ishimoto

Graphic:Ayane Ishida

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