What is the oldest profession in the world?one theory (opinion)According to the "Mere Old Man," it is prostitution, the act of providing sexual services for a fee.prostitutionhas been done in various regions of the world and in various cultures. Even in modern timesThe sex industry is large, and revenues from prostitution are the largest in the world.186.0 billionin the U.S. dollar.estimationThere are also some This article looks at the sex industry, which is still practiced in various forms around the world, from the perspective of issues, legislation, and the rights of those involved.

Thailand's entertainment district (Photo:Patrik Ragnarsson / Flickr [CC BY-NC 2.0 DEED])

What is the sex industry?

What is the sex industry anyway?sex industryrefers to people or organizations that receive money or goods in exchange for sexual goods, services, or performances. The industry forms can be broadly categorized into the following types of products: distribution and publication of sexual images, videos, and texts, etc.pornographyShows and clubs where people watch demonstrations of sexual performances and perform sexual acts with other people.prostitutionand so on. These boundaries can be blurred, with prostitution following a sexual showExampleThere are also Other very diverse industrial forms include adult goods stores that sell sexually oriented merchandise, and sex tourism, which is the consumption of sexual services in other countries.

The sex industry continues to change, and one of the factors contributing to this change is the commodification of sex. The sexcommercialization (e.g. product)has led to an increase and diversification in the number of forms of sexual products and services, and the distribution of advertisements using sexual imagery. Changes in technology have also led to changes in the sex industry. The development of the Internet has led to an increase in the online pornographyspreadis progressing, and sexual videos and other material are being distributed by individuals.online platformand others exist. There is a wide variety of sexual products and services on the Internet, both legal and illegal.

The sex industry is one of the most diverse forms of the sex industry.prostitutionIt is. Typical forms of prostitution include street prostitution, brothels, and escort services.prostituteIn most cases, touting and price negotiations take place in places where many street prostitutes gather, so-called street prostitution spots, and sex transactions take place in hotels, parking lots, etc. In some cases, street prostitutes are involved with pimps. In some cases, pimps are involved with street prostitutes.brothelare facilities that provide sexual services and are managed by third-party mediators and others.Escort Serviceis a form of prostitution that provides companionship and sexual services to customers in hotels and private homes.

Brothel in Linz, Austria (Photo:NeoUrfahraner / Wikimedia Commons [CC BY-SA 3.0 DEED])

This article focuses on prostitution among the sex industry, looking at its problems and legislation.

The designation "sex worker

In recent years, sex workers have come to be known as sex workers. Thisdesignationhas spread in the movement to view sex work as labor, dispelling the image of criminality and immorality implicit in the term "prostitution. The international human rights NGOAmnesty InternationalAccording to the Sex WorkDefinition.is defined as "the exchange of consensual sexual services (including sexual acts) for some form of remuneration between adults on terms agreed upon by the buyer and seller. In addition, sex workersDefinition.is "adults of all genders (18(age 18 or older) who provides consensual sexual services on a regular or irregular basis in exchange for money or goods".Minors are not included in the definition of sex workers because they are not in a position to consent to the transaction of sexual services.

As the definition states, sex work can include women, men and transgender (note 1There is a diverse range of genders engaged, including Clients are also gendered.diverseThe first is.

Reasons sex workers engage in sex work vary from person to person, but the mainmotiveis to earn a living, he said. Choosing sex work from among the many jobsreasonAs a result, the high wages of sex work, the flexibility of working hours, economic deprivation, and limited occupational options are cited as some of the most important factors. Others said that some people pursue sex work to explore their sexuality andcall (i.e. to give a name)The following is a list of the most common problems with the

Pride Parade 2011 in New York City (Photo:Jason Pier in DC / Flickr [CC BY-NC 2.0 DEED])

Furthermore, between men and women doing the same work.wage differentialand wealth inequality, such as low incomes of immigrants.distributionSome people choose to become sex workers as a result of structural problems that

Issues Related to the Sex Industry

The sex industry, by its very nature, is fraught with various problems. One of these is sexually transmitted diseases, among others.HIV(in Japanese history)(*2)The problem is the spread of infection among female sex workers.HIVThe risk of infection is higher for women who are not sex workers than for30timesIt is estimated to be Furthermoreand male sex workers.HIV infection rateis also seen as problematic.Transgender sex workers.HIVThe prevalence of cisgender (*3of the prevalence of sex workers in the20more than twiceThe survey also found that the number of

HIV/AIDSother than syphilis, other sexually transmitted diseases, and viral hepatitis.spread of infectionhave been seen. While treatment and preventive measures against these infections need to be taken urgently, stigma, prejudice, and discrimination against sex workers compound the problem. Sex workers have been identified by health care workers and others asHIVspreaderetc.branding ironand access to health care is difficult as a result of being pushed tocase (e.g. receptacle, condition, event, legal action, letter style, etc.)There is a

Unpacking condoms distributed to sex workers in India (Photo:International Women's Health Coalition / Flickr [CC BY 2.0 DEED])

Violence against sex workers is also a serious problem. Violence against sex workers is numerous.reportand in one study, female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya, wereabout79%a sex worker who performs street prostitution in Liverpool, England.about80%have experienced work-related violence. Globally,average45~ (after a number N)75%of sex workers have been sexually assaulted on the job. The perpetrators were not only clients, but also police and other law enforcement agencies.caseThere are also Police violence against sex workers, extortion, and sexual abuse are common in many countries.walking sidewaysThe company is doing so.

The relationship between poverty and the sex industry is also deeply rooted. Sex workers are forced to engage in the sex industry by poverty and unemploymentcaseIn many cases, sex workers are forced to become sex workers in order to earn a living. In some cases, the poor lead to sex work because they have no choice but to become sex workers to earn a living.Exampleand increased risk of entering the sex industry or being sexually exploited because of their weak economic position.Exampleare seen. Also engaged in sex work in an attempt to escape povertyExampleThere are also

Not only economically disadvantaged people, but also socially disadvantaged people tend to choose to engage in the sex industry. Undocumented immigrants and others without work permits engage in the sex industry as one of the few sources of income.Examplealso exist. Moreover, the structural problems encompassed by the sex industry are not limited to the process of entry into sex work. Men from high-income countries consume the sexual services of women from low-income countries.Exampleand to the skin color of sex workers.stereotypeand economic level of customers by skin color.changeThey have a variety of problems, such as

sex trafficking

One of the most serious crimes associated with the sex industry is sex trafficking.sex traffickingis a type of human trafficking and refers to "the recruitment, warehousing, or transportation of persons for the purpose of commercial sex work. Sex work as labor includesagreementis mandatory, sex work forced by trafficking falls outside the definition of sex work. common in sex trafficking.modus operandiIn some cases, traffickers lie to victims about the possibility of working in jobs other than the sex industry, or create a situation in which victims cannot escape, and then force them to work in the sex industry.coercionand others. They can be engagedsex industryincludes not only prostitution but also forced marriage and coercion to perform in pornography.

Celebrating the passage of the Human Trafficking Bill provisions into law in Northern Ireland (Photo:DUP Photos / Flickr [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 DEED])

In many cases, sex trafficking crosses borders. One of the countries cited as a destination (receiving country) for sex trafficking is the United Arab Emirates, where many victims, such as economically impoverished women in Africa, arereportThe traffickers then force the victims into prostitution in the United Arab Emirates in order to repay their debts. The traffickers place their victims in huge debts, including travel and introduction fees, and force them into prostitution in the United Arab Emirates in order to repay the debts. Japan (*4have also become destinations for sex traffickers. Victims are mainly from South Asia, Southeast Asia, China, Eastern Europe, Russia, and Colombia.institution from which one graduatedThe first is.

Worldwide legislation

The sex industry is a problematic area in many ways, but how is it legally regarded? The legal framework and reality of the sex industry differs from country to country and region to region. The Global Network of Sex Work Projects (NSWPDepends onLegal MappingAlong the lines of the above, the world's legal developments can be roughly classified into three models: criminalization model, decriminalization model, and legalization model.

First, the criminalization model is one in which punitive measures are taken against the purchase, sale, or organization of sexual services. In detail.(i)Criminalization of sales,(2)Criminalization of organizing,(iii)Criminalization of purchases and sales,4)Criminalization of selling and organizing,5)Criminalization of Purchasing and Organizing,6)The six patterns of criminalization of buying, selling, and organizing can be categorized into six patterns (see*5(See Section 2.2.1.). Even if a criminalization model is adopted, there are many cases where the definition of sexual services being criminalized differs from country to country, or the laws are so skeletal that the sex industry is practically rampant. Thus, while the legal classification may be the same, the actual situation may differ greatly.

(i)Countries that have adopted criminalization of sales only are Paraguay'ssome areasonly. In addition, the(2)Countries that have adopted the criminalization of organizing include Latin American countries such as Colombia, Venezuela, and Chile; African countries such as Chad, Angola, and Mozambique; Kyrgyzstan in Asia; and Estonia in Europe.(iii)Countries that have adopted criminalization of purchases and sales areAfghanistanOnly (*)6(a).4)Sales and Organizingcriminalizationcountries that have adopted the "C" system include many countries in Europe, many countries in South and Southeast Asia, many countries in Africa, parts of Australia, and Mexico, Brazil, and Guyana in Latin America.5)Purchasing and Organizingcriminalizationhas been adopted by Sweden, Norway, and Iceland, among others. This model is characterized by the fact that it effectively prohibits the buying and selling of sexual services by criminalizing the purchase and organization, but does not take punitive measures against the seller.6)Buying, Selling, and OrganizingcriminalizationThe countries that have adopted the "C" system include the United States; Argentina in South America; Egypt, Sudan, South Africa, and other Middle Eastern countries in Africa; Nepal, Vietnam, China, Japan, South Korea, and North Korea in Asia; Finland, the United Kingdom, France, and parts of Australia in Europe; and many other countries.

HIV testing (Photo:Kyla Marino / Flickr [CC BY 2.0 DEED])

legalization modelis a model in which it is legal to purchase, sell, and organize sexual services within the limits set by law. In this model, the state sets the laws regarding sex work and any deviation from these laws is illegal. Countries that have adopted this model include the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Turkey, Greece, parts of Australia, the U.S. state of Nevada, and the South American countries of Bolivia, Peru, Uruguay, and Ecuador. Examples.GermanyNow, let's look at how local governments limit the methods and locations of sex work (*7) can be done, and fines or imprisonment can be imposed if sex work is done in any other way. The actual places where sex work may freely take place are limited to a small area.

decriminalization modeldoes not take punitive measures against the purchase, sale, and organization of sexual services between consenting adults. The decriminalization of sex workObjective.is to integrate sex work with the labor market and to improve the working conditions of sex workers, which are easily exacerbated by criminalization and legalization legislation. It is currently adopted in New Zealand and some states in Australia.

The Debate on Decriminalization of the Sex Industry

Thus, the legal status of the sex industry differs from country to country, and opinions on the optimal legal structure are divided. Among them, for the decriminalization model, there areopinionare divided.

The opinion recommends decriminalization, under a model of criminalization and some legalization.regulationare some that threaten the rights of sex workers from safety, health, and other aspects.safety aspectUnder the criminalization model, sex workers are less likely to be safe because it is more difficult for them to seek protection from the police if they are violated or otherwise harmed by sex work. In addition, when the purchase of sexual services is criminalized, sex workers are less likely to be safe because clients designate places that are safe for them to transact business. Also, when organization is criminalized, it is more difficult for sex workers to work together in a communal safe place or to hire security, resulting in a lack of safety at work. In addition, to laws and regulations that do not respect the rights of sex workers under the legalization model.criticismalso exist.

The 2018 International AIDS Conference (Photo:juno mac / Flickr [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 DEED])

Criminalization is a sex worker.HIVSome report that it has health consequences, such as making it harder to access health services, including prevention and treatment. In fact, a study of sub-Saharan Africa found that, compared to countries where sex work has been partially legalized, in countries where it has been criminalized, sex workers'HIVInfection rate.7more than twiceIt was.

The decriminalization of sex work is recommended by the international human rights organizationAmnesty Internationaland ... andUnited Nations Joint Programme on AIDS (UNAIDS)These include. According to Amnesty International, the goal should bedecriminalizationis not the elimination of all restrictions on sex work, but the development of laws that protect sex workers from exploitation and abuse.

While decriminalization proponents aim to recognize sex work as work and protect the rights of sex workers to work safely, some argue that prostitution is intrinsically violent and that decriminalization encourages exploitation. Among those who support these arguments are religious officials andFormer sex workerSome feminists, for example. For example, the Catholic Church has a prostitutionoppositionProstitution is also a Muslim practice.Forbidden.(See "The Role of the Direction of the Direction of the Earth" on page 3. (The*8(See also "The Sex Industry as an Objectifying Act of Women's Sexuality," in "Feminism and the Sex Industry.") There is also a wide range of feminist attitudes toward the sex industry, some of themcriticismSome people have said that they are not interested in the project.

In order to protect the rights of sex workers

In recent years, there has been a growing movement to defend the human rights of sex workers. There are many organizations around the world that work to protect the rights of sex workers to work safely,1992From the year 2000Global Network of Sex Work Project (NSWP)a membership organization, has been established to connect these organizations.NSWPare: recognizing sex work as labor, opposing criminalization and legal repression of sex workers, and supporting collaboration and self-determination of sex workers.3Based on three principlesactivityNSWP was involved in establishingRed Umbrella Fund (Red Umbrella Fund)There is also a worldwide fund to support sex workers' rights called the The red umbrella symbol is an international symbol of sex workers' rightssymbolIt is used as a

Sex workers call for decriminalization of sex work at the 2018 International AIDS Conference (Photo:juno mac / Flickr [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 DEED])

Only New Zealand and parts of Australia are currently decriminalizing sex work. In New Zealand.2003Sex work has been decriminalized since 2006, and Australia'sthe Northern TerritoryThen,2020It was completely decriminalized by a bill on the sex industry that went into effect in 2006.

Some countries are trying to move toward decriminalization of sex work in the future. In South Africa2022In 2006, the Cabinet proposed a bill to decriminalize sex work and public comment.recruitingThe bill was passed by the House of Representatives in 1976. However, the passage of this bill is currentlypostponementThe company has been

We will continue to keep an eye on the state of legal developments regarding the rights of sex workers around the world.

note 1　A person whose biological sex and gender identity do not match.

*2　HIV. It is a virus that attacks the body's immune system and, without treatmentacquired immune deficiency syndrome(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).

*3　A person whose biological sex and gender identity are congruent.

*4In Japan, there are also many cases of minors engaging in the sex industry, which is sex trafficking. High school girls walk and talk with adult men and go to love hotels.female high-school studentThere are various methods, such as business, sexual intercourse between minors and adults for financial gain, and forcing minors to appear in pornographic films through the deception of entertainment agencies.exploitationThe company has been

*5　NSWPclassifications discussed in this article, as well as the legalized sale of sexual services, but criminalized organizingmodelalso exist and have been adopted in a few countries.

note (supplementary information) symbol6　2012This information is from 2006, before the Taliban took back power.

*7GermanyIn ________________, cities, regions, and parcels where sex work can legally be done are defined by law. Regulations by local authorities also vary; for example, in Munich and Frankfurt, sex workers are prohibited from doing sex work in the homes or houses of their clients.

*8　The institution of temporary marriage in the Muslim world allows for temporary prostitution.provisionsalso exist.

Writer: MIKI Yuna