In Myanmar,2021Armed conflict continues between the military, which came to power in a coup d'état in 2006, and several rebel groups.2024counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)2In June, the National Conscription Law came into effect for men and women of a certain age,4Military service began to be imposed on a portion of the eligible population in June. In the month when the draft was announced, citizens trying to flee the country to evade the draft flooded the passport issuing agencies, and the crowds caused women2People dieaccidentalso occurred. Some of the young people who received the call to arms chose to join the rebelpersonSome of them are also in the area.
This article looks at various perspectives on the structure and problems of conscription around the world.
People drafted in Singapore (Photo:Daylon Soh / Flickr [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0])
Table of Contents
Drafting Overview
The military isCosta Rica The military is present in every country in the world, with the exception of the United States and Panama, among others. However, the method of recruiting personnel varies from country to country, and can be broadly divided into two types: volunteer enlistment and compulsory enlistment. Voluntary enlistment is a system in which people volunteer to join the military as a profession, while compulsory enlistment is a system in which people of a certain age are forced to join the military for a certain period of time. Mandatory enlistment is further divided into3in twoClassification.It is possible to do so, and the1The first is conscription. The second is selective service. The second is selective-duty service, in which medical personnel, mechanics, pilots, etc. are called up to fill positions in their field, whereas conscription is done randomly.3The second is legally compulsory military service. This is a system in which compulsory military service exists in law, but is rarely actually called upon. There is no need to call up compulsory participants because there are a sufficient number of volunteers to enlist.case (e.g. receptacle, condition, event, legal action, letter style, etc.)also exist. In practice, many countries operate a combination of these systems.
The obligation of the people to serve in organized military service.Historydates back to ancient Egypt. However, there are differences between ancient conscription and modern conscription, and most ancient conscript systems were not universal conscription,selective systemIt was in It was France after the French Revolution that initiated modern conscription, followed by Prussia, which started universal conscription, and the system was widely adopted in Europe and elsewhere.
Modern Conscription
Year 20249As of June, countries that have adopted compulsory military service are68countries, countries that have adopted compulsory military service by law.17countries, countries that have not introduced military service are93There are countries (note 1(See Section 4.2.1). Other legally recognized but implemented levels ofunknownThere are also countries and regions that have no military in the first place. We will compare their various systems by dividing them into duty, age, gender, and draft exemption mechanisms.
As mentioned earlier, military service may be compulsory or voluntary in some countries. Some countries in the compulsory system use a lottery system, an example being Thailand. In Thailand, each year4Month.21Draft examinations are required for men aged 18 years old, and those who pass the examinations arelotteryto participate in the program. If they draw a red card, they are subject to military service for up to two years; if they draw a black card, they are exempt from military service.
Also Latvia is,2022Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine that began in 2006, due to a shortage of soldiers and other reasons2023Drafted from 1949.revival (e.g. musical)The system has not yet been established. The system is stillpendingThere are many parts of the2024counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)1In the draft of the month,lottery system were used. The lottery was conducted randomly using a computer program, and the drawing was reportedly broadcast live.
of those eligible for military service.agealso vary from country to country. Minimum age limit.18Although many countries have set the age of the child as 5 years old,Eritreawell16Students over the age of 18 are subject to conscription, and students are forced to engage in military service. The upper age limit varies from country to country, with Ukraine being2022Following the invasion by Russia that began in 1949,18Since the age of60to the military to men up to the age ofRegistrationand mandates the departure ofprohibitionOn the one hand, the company is On the other handRussiaNow, let's take a look at what has been18Since the age of27To a man aged1Although compulsory military service for a year was imposed,2024The maximum draft age has been set since 1949.30The age was raised to 18 years old. The Russian government has made it clear that anyone who receives a draft notice is not allowed to leave the country.prohibitionThe company is doing so.
In recent years, some countries have made women subject to conscription. Both men and women are subject to compulsory military service.home (i.e. hometown, home country)include Nordic countries such as Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, as well as Eritrea, Israel, Mozambique, North Korea, and Myanmar. North Korea was the first country in the world to begin drafting women, but men and women are not subject to the same conditions of military service, and men are11In the year 2000, women were6from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity)7years of military service.mandate (e.g. to make something mandatory)The only countries that impose military service on men and women under the same conditions are Norway and Sweden. Norway and Sweden are the only countries that impose military service with the same conditions for men and women. Some countries are considering the introduction of compulsory military service for women, although it is currently only compulsory for men. As an example, South Korea is seeking to introduce compulsory military service for women due to population decline and male dissatisfaction.public opinionis said to be spreading.
The draft exemption system also differs from country to country. Draft exemption is a system whereby those who meet certain criteria are exempted from being drafted, and the criteria can vary from health status to higher education. In Israel, for example, both men and women are obliged to serve in the military, but women are exempted due to their faith, pregnancy, or marriage.draft exemptionThe first is the "Jewish" group, which is the most important. Also, ultra-Orthodox Jews (*2) was exempt from the draft, though,2023The prolonged use of force in Gaza since 2006 and Lebanon'sHezbollahIn response to the possibility of an escalation of armed conflict with the United States, the Supreme Court2024counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)6Eliminate draft exemption in May.judgmentThe company made the following decision.
Also in Egypt, Egyptians living outside the country are,7,000US dollarThe draft can be waived with payment of In Egypt, the18Since the age of30Compulsory military service is imposed on men aged 18 years old, and after military service9They will be in the reserves for a period of two years. Men of draft age must complete military service or be exempted to obtain a passport.prohibitionIn some cases, residents outside the country of conscription age avoided returning to their home countries for fear of the restrictions on their departure from the country. This system was established at the request of expatriate Egyptians and for the government's reserve of foreign currency.2023in the yearintroductionThe first time the company was founded, it was a small company.
Israeli recruits (Photo:charcoal soul / Flickr [CC BY-ND 2.0])
Furthermore, there are countries where citizens are obligated to serve in the military, but can choose to serve in other non-military state service in lieu of military service. Examples.SwitzerlandThen let the people3There are two options: to repeat short-term military service for a long period of time, or to serve for a long period of time.1The public can choose between participating in the program once, and engaging in community service in areas such as health care, welfare, and environmental protection for a longer period of time than military service.
Can conscription be justified?
So far, we have looked at the various military service systems in various countries. However, is it possible to justify a system that forces citizens to serve in the military? To begin with, conscription was invented for military convenience, and it is difficult to justify it from any other point of view.opinionThere are also Here, the legitimacy of the human rights and social contract, the2We will look at it from two perspectives.
Regarding the relationship between conscription and human rights, conscription ishuman rights violationand that it is a crime against humanity.claimexists. The right to life is one of the most important human rights, and the right to refuse to take a person's life is also a fundamental human rightbe able to sayThe following is a list of the most common problems with theTherefore, conscription, which makes it mandatory for the state to force its citizens to kill people, is a violation of those human rights. Furthermore, conscription is,Rome Statute of the International Criminal CourtThey may fit the characteristics of crimes against humanity as defined by the As an example, conscription may result in the "forcible transfer" or "severe deprivation of physical liberty" of conscripts, which are considered crimes against humanity. Conscription of only men is classified as "persecution of an identifiable group" as persecution of the male gender group.possibilityHe said that there is a
In addition, social contract theory is often central in this discussionclaimThe social contract theory is What is social contract theory?17The idea, proposed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a 19th century European philosopher and political philosopher, is that society is established by a social contract, an agreement between the people and the state, and that the individual will must be subject to the general will created by the agreement. In this context, military service is part of the people's obligation to belong to society andclaimThe draft is a threat to the lives of the people. However, the state originally exists to protect the lives of its citizens, and social contracts are considered to be concluded on this premise, but conscription threatens the lives of the people.systemIt is. In addition, when the draft is requested of the people as a duty, the state must conduct a just war under a corruption-free polity to ensure its legitimacy, andbe able to say. But the assessment of all wars is subjective and that there is no just war.claimThere are also
Poster calling for opposition to a referendum on conscription in Australia (1916) (photo:Chifley Research Centre / Flickr [CC BY 2.0])
Impact of conscription on society
Conscription has a variety of effects on society. From this point on, we will look at the impact on society from the military and economic perspectives.
As noted above, the legitimacy of conscription has been questioned, but how effective is it militarily? I favor conscription.claimexist, such as the fact that conscription is an effective defense measure and a system that fosters patriotism among the people.
The first possible security effect of conscription is that it is easier to maintain the number of soldiers than volunteer enlistment.pointId. On the other hand, the military effects other than securing numbers of people are not so high in modern wars.opinionThere are also Reasons include the training and experience required of soldiers and the morale of soldiers. As an example, in the U.S., the quality of the military after the volunteer system was adopted was higher than that of the military when the draft was used.pointing outThere is a Since the volunteer system was introduced, the U.S. military says that due to the high morale and experience of its members, it boasts a high standard level in many areas, such as computer skills and engineering, as well as basic soldiering skills.
Furthermore, modern warfare is becoming increasingly high-tech, using missiles, drones, and cyber attacks. Soldiers who can respond to thesetrainingtakes a long time, but modern conscription can take anywhere from a few months to2The period of military service is often set at about one year, and it is important to develop the necessary human resources.difficult (e.g. customer, guest, child)In Taiwan, for example, there is a volunteer corps of full-time soldiers. Taiwan, for example, has a volunteer corps of full-time soldiers,18Since the age of36Some men agedcompulsory military serviceThe military service is not a simple matter of completing a military training program. However, the lack of practical training and the content of training that is not yet adapted to new types of weapons raises doubts about the meaningfulness of military service.participantThere were also government to address these issues,2024The period of military service was extended from 2006,anti-tank missileNew training usingstartThe first time, the company was in a position to do so.
As for the claim that conscription fosters national patriotism and a citizen's duty to the nation, some studies suggest the opposite may be true. A study of several European countriesresearchsuggests that military service creates a sense of belonging to the military and may rather reduce trust in the legal system, Congress, politicians, and other institutions. The generation that was exempted from conscription has more trust in those national governments than the generation that was drafted. Thus, it is difficult to say that conscription necessarily fosters a sense of belonging and patriotism toward the nation.
Drafted soldiers in Finland (Photo:NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization / Flickr [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0])
We will then look at the impact of conscription on the economy. First, the long-term loss of income and interruption of education caused by forcing young people into military service arepointing outIn countries that have adopted compulsory military service, the In countries that have adopted compulsory military service, the aforementioned18The age of 18 is often set as a lower age limit, because military service during adolescence, when investments in human capital are supposed to be made, may affect earnings and education. As an example, in the Netherlands, participation in military service reduces lifetime earnings and degree attainmentfindingsThere is a Furthermore, the same study found that the military service system has reduced the average wage in society as a whole by1.5It is estimated that the number of employees decreases by 3%. On the other hand, the military experience has led to leadership, discipline, teamwork, and otherskilland that the experience will be useful in the job search process.claimalso exist.
Problems that arise in the implementation of conscription
We have seen that the existence of conscription is not necessarily advantageous militarily, economically, or socially, but there are many problems that arise from the implementation of conscription.
The first problem that arises during the draft phase is unequal conscription. Drafting is not always done randomly among the eligible population. Example.1960Since the year70During the Vietnam War in the 1980s, soldiers who joined the U.S. Army3Two thirds are volunteers,3-th (e.g. one fifth)1is a drafted soldier.configurationHowever, those who were drafted in the early years of the war were disproportionately poor and ethnic minorities. One reason for this was the draft deferment system, and deferments were applied on the basis of college education, health problems, etc., so that white males who were economically better off or more likely to have connections with the judges wereadvantageousIt was. criticism,1969The draft law was amended in 1949 to increase the randomness of the draft.
Forced conscription is another major problem. As an example, in Myanmar2024counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)2The draft law went into effect in June, and fear is spreading among those subject to the law. Some of them fear that they will be forced to join the military through arrest or kidnapping by the police, instead of following the formal procedures.-ian (e.g. Italian, etc.) (attaches to name of country)There are also Other similar problems are occurring in Ukraine.2022Due to the Russian invasion that began in 2006, draft officers are constantly looking for draft-eligible persons evading the draft on public transportation and in the streets. Applicants should contact the enlistment center atdragging (someone) awayMany of them are afraid of being in such a situation and are unable to go out because of it.
An Eritrean man in an Ethiopian refugee camp who defected two years after being drafted (Photo:ODI Global / Flickr [CC BY-NC 2.0])
One of the problems that occurs during military service is the presence of violence. As an example, in Thailand, violence within the military from superiors to new recruitsviolenceand against homosexuals.sexual abusehave been identified. Others, both male and female16A draft exists for those over the age of 18.Eritreasays that corporal punishment and forced labor during military service are acceptable in the
Another problem that occurs during and after military service is adverse health effects. Example,18Since the age of28Approximately for a man aged2Two years of military service is required.Koreas military life, contrary to its healthy image due to its regularity and amount of physical activity, the effects of drinking and smoking are detrimental to the health of thepointing outexist. The normalization of drinking and smoking in the military and the stress of exposure to dangerous conditions have led to increased consumption of alcohol and cigarettes during military service, and these effects continue even after military service ends. In addition to alcohol and tobacco, drugs are also prevalent in Thailandarmyis also a problem.
In other cases, the military service system may also affect crime rates. This is thought to be due to the fact that military service causes adolescents to lose mental barriers to the use of weapons and violence. As an example, in Argentina1995up to the year21Men over the age of 18 were assigned to military service by lottery, but studies have shown that draft eligible men who actually served in the military had a higher crime rate than those who did not.increaseWe know that they did.
Those who refuse to convene
There are those who refuse to serve in the military even when called up. Among the refusals to serve in the military are refusals based on conscience, religion, politics, or other ideology or beliefs.conscientious objectioncall them "conscientious objectors. The responses to conscientious objectors have varied, and although there are exceptions, such as religion, historically they have often been treated as violations of the law. In modern times, various measures have been taken against conscientious objectors. For example, in Norway and Sweden, military service is compulsory, but conscientious objectors are treated as non-combatants and civilians.voluntary social serviceare recognized. On the other hand, some countries do not recognize the right of conscientious objection to military service. Examples aretai (species of reddish-brown Pacific sea bream, Pagrus major)In the "Mere Old Man," it is believed that the concept of conscientious objection to military service was not prevalent because economic power allowed people to avoid the draft through other means, such as bribes. However2024counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)4For the first time in Mayconscientious objectorappeared and refused to serve in the military, citing his military service obligation as a violation of his human rights. Although he was not arrested, he was charged with civil disobedience and imprisoned up to3He said he could be charged with a year's worth of crimes.
What are the views of international organizations on conscientious objection to military service?International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural RightsandUnited Nations Human Rights CouncilThe United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (hereinafter referred to as the "Convention") defines conscientious objection to military service as a legitimate exercise of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other treaties.recognitionThe United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCR) has also been involved in the project. In addition, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (ONHCR), under its mandate to make recommendations to promote and protect the enjoyment of the rights of all people, including the criteria for the application procedure for conscientious objection to military service.
Demonstration to burn draft cards in the U.S. (Photo:Washington Area Spark / Flickr [CC BY-NC 2.0])
In addition, various methods of draft refusal exist. Example,1960Since the s.70In the United States during the Vietnam War in the 1950s, thousands of people served in Vietnam from an anti-war perspective.refusalHowever, if the application is filed as a conscientious objection to military service, the non-militaryengagingwere required, many were denied in other ways. deferments, for example, staying in college or becoming a pastor.methodand temporary illnesses and falsified draft cards.fraudulent methodswere used. Other draft card burning by studentsdemonstrationand armed groups for refusing to serve in the military.armed resistance movementThere was also militant resistance, including the following. In order to prevent the refusal of military service, the authorities dispatched troops to suppress resistance movements, and searched and arrested those who refused military service without warrants.
Other factors in Myanmar, as mentioned above, include2024counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)2The draft law has been in effect since January, and people are trying to evade the draft.peopleMany have also been seen to evade being drafted into the military.3from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity)5They are subject to a year in prison and a fine, but many want to flee the country for fear of being sent to the front lines without proper training, having to fight against their own people, etc.
In Eritrea, on the other hand, as mentioned above, forced labor and corporal punishment are acceptable in military service, and in addition, there are cases where the period of military service is unlimited.question (e.g. on a test)are not allowed to refuse military service, and those who refuse are brought before the authorities and sent to the army. The authorities detain the relatives of those who refuse, confiscate their livestock, andpunishmentThey may also impose a To escape this situation, many peoplerefugeesand aims to leave the country.
Global Trends
Since the 1970s2010Over the years, conscription in the world hasdecreasing trendIn recent years, some countries have abolished the practice. Some countries have also abolished it in recent years, e.g.JordanThen,1991The draft was abolished in 1949,2020From 2006, the program will include construction, tourism, military training, etc. for unemployed persons of a certain age.ProgramThe new law now requires participation in the In additionEcuadorThen,2008The draft was suspended in 1949, and both men and women are now required to volunteer. In addition, Thailand has also been a country that is opposed to conscription.public opinionhas been growing. The public attention brought to the issue by the opposition movement has made the abolition of conscription one of the issues in the election, forcing the military to consider changing to a volunteer system. Although the draft has not yet been changed, future developments will be closely watched.
Meanwhile, some countries are considering reinstating conscription. Examples.2022In response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine that began in 2006, several countries in Europe have been calling for the reinstatement of conscription.movementIn addition, Morocco once abolished the conscription system. Morocco also abolished conscription once,2019in the yearreintroductionThe company was Furthermore.MyanmarNow, as mentioned above.2024The draft law went into effect in 1949.
It remains to be seen what kind of system will be adopted around the world in the future.
1 The classification of each country's military service system in this article is,World Population Review with some modifications based on the
2 The ultra-orthodox sect of Judaism is one of the sects of Judaism, and it is one of the most populous sects of the Israeli population.about13%The ultra-orthodox parties occupy a majority of the Ultra-Orthodox parties have long supported Benjamin Netanyahu's government in exchange for draft exemptions and financial support.
Writer: MIKI Yuna
Graphic: MIKI Yuna
It was good to have a neat summary of the current status and types of conscription and their impact on society and people. I had never thought deeply about the types of human rights that are violated by conscription, so I learned a lot.
I was first surprised to learn that there are many other ways to enlist in the military besides conscription. In addition, while there are more countries that impose compulsory military service than I had imagined, I had the impression that there is less criticism of military service and claims that it violates human rights than I had expected.
With the increasing momentum of war in the world, I felt that conscription is an issue that all citizens should be aware of. I think that being forced by the government to participate in conscription is a threat to the lives of those in countries where war is imminent, and is a great violation of human rights. It was good to learn about the legitimacy of conscription based on data as well as a comparison of conscription systems in different countries.
I was surprised to learn that there is more than one type of conscription. When I saw the news before that a member of a certain Korean male idol group was drafted, I thought that Korea must be a tough place to be, but I was surprised to find that many countries have adopted conscription.
I thought it was a nice and easy way to summarize a lot of elementary school writing references.