2025counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)5month11Rassie Mboiti, leader of the opposition Congolese Socialist Party, was abducted in Brazzaville, the capital of the Republic of Congo, onincidentoccurred. Mr. Mbowiti is a member of the2026He is also a candidate for the presidential election to be held in 2012, and it was claimed that the government was behind this abduction.9A day later, Mr. Mbowiti in critical condition.detectionThe body of the victim was found to have signs of torture.

The term of office of the President, the head of state of the Republic of Congo, is5years and is legally voted directly by the people.electionThe government is considered to be impartial. However, as for the reality of the situation, it is believed that impartiality is not ensured due to restrictions on communication, self-censorship of the press, and corruption, in addition to pressure and repression of opposition parties. In fact, the incumbent president, Doni Sasnugeso,1997He has been president consistently since 1949.

 The authoritarian situation in the Republic of Congo is closely related to a variety of issues surrounding the country, including political corruption, the exploitative structure of foreign companies, the fragile economy and poverty, and conflict, all centered on oil. This article will break down each of these issues in terms of the economy, foreign corporations, politics, poverty, and diplomacy.

Sasnugeso speaking in Kigali, the capital of Rwanda, in 2023 (photo:Paul Kagame / Flickr [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0])

About the Republic of Congo

Republic of the Congois located in Central Africa, bordering Gabon to the west, Cameroon to the northwest, the Central African Republic to the north, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south. It also shares a border with Cabinda, an enclave of Angola, to the southwest. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is another country with a similar name but bordered by the Congo River (*).1(See Section 2.1.2.).

about342,000square kilometerThe land area of the United States is approximately 1.5 million square kilometers.650allpeople live in the area. People belong toethnic groupThe Bantu language is divided into several ethnic groups, which used to be in competition and cooperation, but since the colonial period, ethnic conflicts have become stronger and have served as a pretext for political division. The official language is French, but Bantu languages are widely spoken in daily life.Used by.The Bantu languages are spoken in the north of Brazzaville. Among the Bantu languages, Lingala in particular is spoken mostly in northern Brazzaville, while Kituba is spoken mostly in the region from Brazzaville to the coast.

economic structureshows a heavy dependence on the oil industry,2006Since the year2020Up to the year15Average per year.GDP(at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion42%and exports.60%The petroleum industry is responsible for On the other hand, this industry creates relatively few jobs, and the labor force20The percentage of the total population is only about 10% of the total population of the country.

Historically, in B.C.1000The Bantu-speaking people began to settle in the lower Congo River basin after 1949, according to a report by theConsidered.A.D. post-era1000Since the year1500Roango in the coastal region, Congo in the southwestern region, and Tio in the northern region over the course of the year.3Two kingdoms were formed.1483The Portuguese landed in the Kingdom of Congo in 1949. Initially, relations were friendly, but soon Portugal was its own colony,Sao TomeIn search of labor for plantations inslave tradebegan. The slave trade was17From the century to the18It flourished through the 19th century, and many people were transported to Latin American colonies and forced to work in the colonies.

1880In 1949, French explorerMr. Pierre Braza(*)2France had jurisdiction over the territory that is now the Republic of Congo, based on a treaty signed by the French government with the Emir of Thio.claimThe area is located in the southwestern part of the city. This area is1891It became a French colony in 1949 as French Congo,1910In 1949, together with the surrounding coloniesFrench Equatorial AfricaThe country is now part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In addition, the current Democratic Republic of the Congo isBelgian ColonyThe company was

Under French ruleIn the 1960s and 1970s, the government of the Philippines imposed forced labor, heavy taxes, and forced the production of commodity crops. In particular1921Since the year1934In the construction of the Congo-Océan railroad linking the capital Brazzaville with Pointe Noire on the coast, which took place over the course of two years,15,000From.20,000Forced labor so harsh that people lost their lives was carried out.

1960The country achieved independence as the Republic of Congo in 1949, but political stability was not achieved, and protests and military coups led to the ouster of the president.continuedThe following is a list of the most common problems with the1969Marian Nguabi, who became president in 2006, promoted the nationalization of foreign-owned companies under the banner of an African-style Marxist state. However, this led to a decline in productivity. On the other hand,1972Oil drilling, which began in 1949, became a huge export industry, and loans obtained with oil as collateral were used to set up oil-related industries and generate large profits. However, the policy that emphasized the northern part of the country led to a backlash from residents in the south,1977in the yearassassinationThe first time the company was founded, it was to be

1979Sasnugeso, who became president in 1964, initially played a balanced political game, but as international oil prices fell, the economyDepressed.The following is a list of the most common problems with the1992Sasnugueso was defeated in the elections of 1964 and Pascal Lisba became the next president, but the conflict with the still influential Sasnugueso continued. Both men organized private armies to consolidate their support base around their respective ethnic affiliations, but this only served to intensify the conflict,1993The conflict occurred in 2006. In this2,000People lost their lives, but Mr. Lisva remained in power.

thereafter1997Tensions rose again before the presidential election in 2006,1997in the year2The second conflict wasoccurrenceThe result was a victory for Sasnugeso, who had the support of France and Angola. As a result, Mr. Sasnugeso, supported by France and Angola, won. In addition,2The second conflict was not settled after the political settlement.1999The number of deaths continued until 2006, and the total number of deaths, including those during that period, was13,000From.25,000It is estimated that the number of people Mr. Sasnugeso, who won the2He has continued to hold real power as president since the second conflict to the present.

Oil, foreign companies and corruption

Let us now look at how oil has affected the Republic of Congo. The Republic of Congooil reservein the world.36The second most,16It is believed that about 100 million barrels are lying in the ground. The exploitation of this abundant oil resource is the French national oil company that once existed,Elf Aquitainedue to1972With years of drillingbeginningOil has been an important factor in the country's history since the 1960s. Let us take another look at the country's history since then from the perspective of oil.

Pointe Noire, the center of the oil industry in the Republic of Congo (Photo:Molopipi Lulusse / Flickr [CC BY 2.0])

1970The oil industry, which developed rapidly in the 1950s, created a lot of wealth.Created.The Congolese government, which had adopted a socialist line at the time, implemented aggressive fiscal measures. At this time, the government of the Republic of Congo, which at the time had adopted a socialist line, implemented an aggressive fiscal policy, and in order to obtain the financial resources, it used oil as collateral from the French oil company Elf Aquitaine.loanThe company extracted a In return, Elf Aquitaine received oil drilling concessions at a discount and reaped huge profits.

The governments of oil-producing countries basically have the authority to decide how oil profits are distributed, but the major oil companies have used their superiority in oil drilling technology, information, and funds to gain an advantage in negotiations.pointing outThe company has been

And this relationship became an even more extreme exploitative structure with the collapse of oil prices. In addition, the currency of the Republic of CongoCFA Francwas controlled by France, and the country's inability to pursue an appropriate monetary policy for itself made the country's finances moreaggravationIt is believed that the "Mishima" was the result of a "mishap" in the early 1960s.1985of government revenues in 2006.45%will be used to make debt payments,1990By the year 2000, the Republic of Congo's annual debtGDP(at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion2It hits nearly twice as hard.US$4.7 billionThe number of employees was to exceed the

In addition to this structure of economic exploitation, some believe that Elf Aquitaine is also deeply involved in the political system of the Republic of Congo. Indeed.1992counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)1There was an incident in May when military soldiers went to politicians who opposed this exploitative structure, and it was Elf Aquitaine who planned this.testimonyThere are (*)3(See Section 2.1.2.).

Some Congolese politicians also profited enormously from this structure. When signing contracts for loans from Elf Aquitaine, politicians received huge cooperation fees based on the amount ofpointing outIn addition, Elf Aquitaine has been In addition, Elf Aquitaine, when selling oil1Per Barrel0.2~0.6The money was then transferred to the overseas accounts of the president of the Republic of Congo and others. In the form of this top-up1989Since the year1992The amount of money that went to politicians in the Republic of Congo during the year was approximatelyUS$64.8 millionIt is believed that the Note that these transactions were conducted through banks in Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and other countries. Thus, there was a structure in which foreign companies, banks, and Congolese politicians obtained oil profits through mechanisms that were difficult to see from the outside.

An oil production facility operating offshore in the Republic of Congo (photo:Stephane Lesbats / Wikimedia Commons [CC BY 4.0])

1992Mr. Lisva, who was elected president in 2006, is a member of this exploitative structure.oppositionBut this led to a confrontation between Elf Aquitaine and the French government. Instead, Lisba approached the American oil giant, Oxidental Petroleum, for oil and the right to drill new oil fields that had been allocated to the Congolese government.1hundred million5It was sold for US$10 million. With these funds, Lisba was able to pay overdue wages to civil servants and secured a majority of seats in the parliamentary elections, but the conflict between the French government and Elf Aquitaine was decisive.

 It is also clear that these oil companies were deeply involved in the conflict. Elf Aquitaine has been involved in providing funds and weapons to military organizations that are in conflict with Mr. Lisba.participationIn addition, the company has been involved in the purchase of arms against Lisboa's military organization. Not only that, but the company also offered to purchase arms against Lisva's military organization, which was supposed to be in a rival relationship, using oil as collateral.for convenienceHowever, it is believed that the company provided more generous support to Mr. Sasnugueso because he was more convenient for the company. Nevertheless, it is believed that the company provided more generous support to Mr. Sasnugueso because he was more convenient for their company, and they even hired a public opinion relations consultant to help improve his image.

In addition,1980Around the 1950s, the corruption of Elf Aquitaine gradually became apparent,2003In 2006, the biggest scandal in the West since World War II andrecognitionIn Africa, it is not only the Republic of Congo. In Africa, not only the Republic of CongoGabonBribes were also sent to Gabon, Angola, Cameroon, and Angola, of which the amount sent to Gabon is estimated to have been about $3.5 billion per year.US$16.7 millionIt is believed that this will be the case.

Elf Aquitaine is a2000To another French oil company, Totalfina, in 1949.takeoverand became the Totalfina elves.2021In the yearTotal EnergiesThe name of the company has been changed to However, despite the name change, this structure of exploitation and corruption seems to continue.

José Veiga, who was considered Sasnugueso's right-hand man, on charges of money laundering, tax evasion, and cross-border corruption.2016Portugal in 1949.arrestTotal and major Italian oil companies, starting with theenimay be involved in corruption.suspicionhave emerged. In addition to Total and Eni, the Republic of Congo's National Petroleum Company (SNPC), which is strongly suspected of corruption, has also been named as a trading partner of the American oil company Chevron and the major trading companyGlencore., ,trafiguraalso included, and there is a possibility that illegal activities are taking place.pointing outThe company has been

Eni's base near Pointe Noire (Photo:jbdodane / Flickr [CC BY-NC 2.0])

Especially about Eni,2015For allegedly paying bribes over the granting of oil concessions in the Republic of Congo in 2006.2017The investigation began in 2006. Regarding this incident2021In 1949, Eni was appointed to the Milan Court of Milan, Italy.1,400Settlement in the amount of US$10,000,000.00suggestionThe company made a proposal to the court. It should be noted that this proposal was not an admission of the charges by Eni, but rather, he argued that it would end the judicial process. The court ruled that this proposalreceiving, ,2023No prosecution in 2006.decisionThe company made the following decision.

Thus, foreign companies have been heavily involved in the politics and economy of the Republic of Congo.2000Although there is no conclusive evidence after 2006, the questionable relationship has continued.

1997Sasnugeso, who returned to the presidency in 2006, has consolidated his position through corruption and repression. Let us first look at corruption here. The Republic of Congo.2024Corruption Perception Index for the year*.4is100full-stop mark at mid-character height23point, which is180... out of all countries151with the rank ofevaluationThe company has been

in practice2019counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)4In May, Sasnugeso's daughter, Claudia, received from the Republic of Congo's public funds2,000embezzled US$10,000,000 and cashed it in a condominium owned by Donald Trump of the United States.detectionIn the same year, the company also Also in the same year9In May, Sasnugeso's son, Christel, was transferred from the treasury of the Republic of Congo to the5,000He said he embezzled US$10,000,000.reportedThe These illicit outflows of funds have been used in Europe and the British Virgin Islands.Countries in Latin AmericaIt is noted that this was done via the In addition2020In 2006, a room in a luxury condominium in Miami, USA, which was substantially owned by Christel, was purchased by the authorities as having been purchased with illicit funds.confiscationThe first time the company was founded, it was a small company.

In addition,Mr. ClaudiaandMr. Christel.are both members of the National Assembly of the Republic of Congo, the former being the president's chief public relations officer and the latterSNPCHe was the former vice president of

Christel (left) meets with Rwanda's president (right) (Photo:Paul Kagame / Flickr [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0])

We believe that these incidents are just a small part of the corruption that prevails in the Republic of Congo. And we believe that these corruptions are deeply related to the state oil companies. Working to improve transparency in the oil and gas sector in each countryNGOOrganization,Natural Resource Governance Institute (NRGI)The National Petroleum Corporation (NPC) has been accused of corruption involving state oil companies, including bribes given and received by employees, breach of trust transactions with politically connected companies, and embezzlement of company funds.3Divided into two typologiesDescription.do. And in the case of the Republic of Congo, all of these types of corruption were taking place.

Also,Illegal Flow of FundsThe paper companies and foreign bank accounts were also used to hide thepointing outThe tax havens that serve as relay points for the funds are also benefiting from the concealment and underpinning of illegal capital movements. In this way, tax havens, which serve as relay points for funds, benefit by concealing and propping up illegal capital movements.

In addition, the Republic of Congo's weak system of managing public finances is a major problem. The lack of an effective accounting and auditing body to control the petroleum strategy and fiscal expenditures set by the state hinders the effective use of petroleum resources, according to the report.pointing outThe company has been

Authoritarianism and Repression

Focusing then on repression, one could argue that the Republic of Congo's oil resources have increased the government's authoritarianism. In a country with an economic structure dependent on the export of natural resources, the government tends to be more authoritarian andConsidered.The mechanism is explained as follows. The mechanism is explained as the fact that the government has less responsibility to its citizens and can act more autonomously, since natural resource revenues account for a larger share of the state's fiscal revenues and citizens pay a lower percentage of taxes (*).5(See Section 2.1.2.).

In fact, Mr. Sasnugeso is a world-classlong period of timeHe has been the president of the Republic of Congo for more than 30 years, and his power and influence have been enormous.2015Year.constitutional amendmentNow, among the restrictions on running for president,70The condition of being under the age of 18 and3The provision prohibiting a second term was repealed, so that at the time71At the age of2There are no longer any legal restrictions on the reelection of Sasnugeso, who was serving his second term in the presidency. Note that Pauline Makaya, the leader of the opposition party, who had participated in the campaign against this constitutional amendment, was2015counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)11Month.arrestHe was convicted of participating in a protest for which he did not have a permit.

The design of the publicity created during the 2016 presidential election. The lower part is in French and means "Youth's Choice". (Photo:Kim Yi Dionne / Flickr [CC BY-NC-SA 2.0])

The most recent presidential election was held2021counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)3In May, internet and other communications were cut off in the center of Brazzaville, stores in town were closed for business, and vehicles of the security authorities were deployed.ostentatious atmosphereThe election proceeded in the midst of As a result, Mr. Sasnugeso was88%He was reelected president with a vote share of over

The legitimacy of this regime has been criticized. The authorities have detained opposition supporters, human rights activists, and others under the guise of maintaining security, and have said that they are increasing repression of opposition to the regime.claimThe company has been Trade union members, activists, lawyers, and journalists have also been harassed by the authorities. The relevance is not necessarily clear,2015The year after the Constitutional Amendment of 1964.presidential electiontook place, but the Republic of Congo's military spending in that year was only about $3.5 billion, compared to the gross domestic product (GDP) ofGDP(approx.) compared to the4.6%The level is as high as

Republic of Congo, which has an important role in the realization of democracy.reportare strongly influenced by self-censorship and management's wishes, and independent reporting is considered to be limited. Cases such as the detention of journalists are oftenconfirmationThe company has beenReporters Without Bordersaccording to (someone)2025The ranking of press freedom in 2006 is180all over the country71stand is rated

In addition, as is common in oil-producing countries in general, more authoritarian and militaristic policies are more likely to be adopted.reportIt is being done. Because politicians profit from illegal bribes and lack of transparency from oil companies, they have a motive to suppress democratic movements for transparency and equality. And because of the suppression of democratic activism, governments also have a tendency to use oil as a source of funding to increase military power. These tendencies are consistent with the politics and history of the Republic of Congo that we have seen so far.

Inequality, Poverty and Pollution

As we have seen, a structure of exploitation centered on oil has been formed in the Republic of Congo, and within this structure, oil companies and politicians are reaping huge profits. And this structure is built by imposing all forms of burdens on the people of the Republic of Congo.

Total Group's oil facilities operating in the Republic of Congo (jbdodane / Flickr [CC BY-NC 2.0])

2015Since the year2023Republic of Congo until 2006.GDPis the annual percentage rate.1.9Percentage growth rate.recordThe company has been doing this for a number of years. However, during this period, per capitaGDPschool (e.g. of ikebana)32The rate is decreasing by %. The youth unemployment rate is41%.The number of such cases is estimated to be more than 1,000,2023counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)11In May, young people seeking jobs flooded military enlistment briefings, at least37There was a crowd accident that killed one person.occurrenceThe first was the "Republic of the Congo. Within the Republic of Congo, "theEthical poverty line" (*)6The percentage of people living below the threshold, known as the "standard of living," is the highest among those living below the World Bank's most recent2011By the numbers of the year.78%The number of people in the country exceeded the number of people in the country. Furthermore, even within the country, there is a large difference between urban and rural areas andpointing outThe company has been

Also, the infrastructure is not well developed,Electricity supplyHa,2023of the population as of 2006.51.3%The project was only able to reach the following areas. Therefore, some residents had to purchase expensive generators to get the electricity they needed to livenumerousHe said.

Thus, although the Republic of Congo is blessed with abundant resources, many of its citizens live in poverty. One of the reasons for this may be the outflow of wealth caused by the exploitative structure of oil companies and corruption by politicians, as we have seen, but there are other scenarios that can be considered. Here, we would like to examine the industrial structure.

 In general, in countries where abundant natural resources have been discovered, the inflow of foreign currency from investment in resource development and exports of resourcesoccurrenceThis will cause the currency to appreciate. This will cause the currency to appreciate, and import industries will be energized, but export industries, especially manufacturing and agriculture not related to resources, will face higher hurdles to export. As a result, in the long run, non-resource-related employment will decline and unemployment will become higher, while the development of non-resource-related industries will be impeded, making it easier to fall into a monoculture economy (*).7(See Section 2.1.2.).

He also said that the normal practice of using oil as collateral to receive large loans exacerbated the poverty problem.Considered.The The fiscal deficit that debt service burdens invite leads to reduced spending on public services, which in turn leads to shortages of medicines and lower levels of education. Actual,2015Since the year2018Over the years, public spending has been less than halfdecreaseThe hospital was chronically underfunded, people were unable to receive their pensions, and the hospital suffered from chronic underfunding.

Brazzaville, the capital of the Republic of Congo (Фотобанк Moscow-Live / Flickr [CC BY-NC-SA 2.0])

In addition, tax evasion by oil-related companies is also a cause of worsening budget deficits.pointing outThe company has been2004The audit report in 2006 was conducted by Total, Eni and other oil companies.9In the expenditures of the two projects1hundred million2,700million U.S. dollars were overstated, and the government of the Republic of Congo63.5 million(*) that they may have suffered tax evasion in the amount of U.S. dollars.8(See Section 2.1.2.).

In addition, though not the finances of the state,SNPCThe financial situation of the Republic of Congo must also be taken into account when considering the finances of the Republic of Congo.SNPCis a state-owned company in the Republic of Congo, though,2018As of 2006, approximately33US$100 million in debt, he said.estimationThe company has beenSNPCis a state-owned enterprise because the state is responsible for its management,SNPCs debt could become the debt of the Republic of Congo. Thus, when oil depletion occurs or oil demand declines, the Republic of Congo's finances could be further burdened.

In addition, an industrial structure that relies on natural resources is not only economically burdensome, but also environmentally burdensome.2011In 2006, it was the center of the oil industry in the Republic of Congo.pointe noirThe oil spill occurred in Lake Ruby Lagoon, near theaffectThe lagoon also brought In addition, in this lagoon1990From the 1950s to the present96,000 litersof crude oil is believed to have spilled, causing serious damage to the health of the local population and the local ecosystem.

Diversification of Diplomacy

The Republic of Congo attracts foreign companies seeking oil resources, which can be attributed to the fact that oil is also a major factor in the country's diplomacy. In the past, the Republic of Congo had close ties with oil companies such as France and Italy, but in recent years, there have been moves to diversify the relationship.

Actual,2016He said that the Republic of Congo has been strengthening its relations with China since around 2006.pointing outChina has been providing economic and other support to the Republic of Congo. In this relationship, it is believed that China provides economic and other support to the Republic of Congo, while the Republic of Congo supports China diplomatically. In addition, China is also supporting the Republic of Congo in the diplomatic arena,2024counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)5In May, a Chinese oil company's refurbishment of its oil refining facilitiesannouncementThe first time, the company was in a position to do so.

A Chinese-owned cement plant in the Republic of Congo (Kianguebene / Wikimedia Commons [CC BY-SA 4.0]) 

Also,2024counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)9Russia in May and the construction of a new pipeline between Pointe Noire and Brazzaville.agreementThe first time, the Russian Federation was the first to make a move to the United States. Regarding this move, it is not just economic cooperation, but a new exploitation structure and a way for Russia to gain diplomatic support.how to look at something (e.g. noh, train schedule)The "M" in "M" is also made.

furthermore2024counter for years (following a number in the hito-futa-mi counting system)11In May, the company signed a contract to modernize its oil refining facilities with Azerbaijan's state-owned oil company, with which it had previously had a tenuous relationship.Tied.He is also reportedly in contact with Algeria's national oil company.

These moves are not only diplomatic changes.Changes on the industrial sideIt can also be viewed as a The construction of oil refining facilities and pipelines is a move to strengthen the so-called downstream sectors, such as oil refining and transportation, which have been lacking in the Republic of Congo. These are expected to lead to employment of more local people.

Toward a politics that does not depend on oil

In the Republic of Congo, a structure of exploitation has been formed around oil by politicians and their families, foreign companies, and foreign governments, resulting in the normalization of corruption and repression and extreme inequality. The solidity of this system is30This is demonstrated by Sasnugeso's administration, which has been in power for nearly two years.

However,petroleumThe use of fossil fuels, including fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas, is steadily eroding the earth,climate changeThe damage caused by the oil industry is becoming more and more severe. In this context, it can be said that we are entering a period in which economies dependent on oil will have to change.2025In 2006, the Republic of Congo2030generation capacity while focusing on renewable energy by2double1,500Plan to increase to megawatts.announcementThe Republic of Congo is rich in water resources and is the largest country in the world. The Republic of Congo is also rich in water resources, with the largest14,000It is estimated that it can generate megawatts of electricity.

Increasing transparency in government politics and implementing policies with a long-term perspective, while also utilizing these resources, will be a shortcut to moving away from a nation dependent on oil.

View of Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo(Photo:David Stanley / Wikimedia Commons [CC BY 2.0])

note (supplementary information) symbol1 For the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo, the names of both countries are derived from the majority of the ethnic communities that have settled in the region.BacongoIt originates from the While the origin is the same2The cause of the two countries is15The area that is now the Republic of the Congo was colonized by European countries from around the 19th century, and the area that is now the Republic of the Congo was colonized by the French and by the largerDemocratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire)The area that falls in the "D" became a Belgian-controlled area. Since then, this2The two are separate countries, each with its ownHistoryto walk the walk.

note (supplementary information) symbol2 Brazzaville, the capital of the Republic of Congo, is named after Pierre Brazza, and is French for "the city of Brazza".meaningDo.

note (supplementary information) symbol3 this caseIn the case of the targeted politician, supporters of the politician interfered with the soldiers, and the soldiers eventually turned back. 

note (supplementary information) symbol4 corruption perception indexmonitors corruption and corruption around the world.NGOThe index is published by Transparency International and quantifies subjective perceptions of the degree of public sector corruption, not actual corruption.0A score indicates the highest risk of decay.

note (supplementary information) symbol5　Such a state would be "aRentier (unearned income) statesIt is called "the oil of the world," and is found in many oil-producing countries.

note (supplementary information) symbol6 extreme limits set by the World Bank.poverty lineschool (e.g. of ikebana)1day (of the month)2.15It is a state in which people live on US dollars. However, this poverty line is set excessively low, and as an alternative measure,1day (of the month)7.4The relationship between poverty and life expectancy, using the U.S. dollar as the standard.basisThe ethical poverty line is the one that is the most important.

note (supplementary information) symbol7 This phenomenon is seen not only in the Republic of Congo, but in many countries where new natural resources have been identified,decline in a country's manufacturing sector owing to increased exploitation of natural resourcesIt is called.

note (supplementary information) symbol8 This figure is based on the government's oil profit50The figures are based on the assumption that the company would receive a %.

Writer:Seita Morimoto

Graphic: MIKI Yuna

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